Mr. Partlsman objected to the statement t!y% Mr. Bailey made to the paper and asked the councillor would it not be t;etter for all if he would cocperate. In reply to Mr. Bartleman‘s reâ€" marks Mr. Bailey read the letter which the solicitors submitted in reâ€" to the contract made with Mr. Gray for the reâ€"assessment of the Town of Timmins. The solccitors did not agree with contract and under such conditions Mr. Bailey felt that Mr. Gray could have waited a c)/y or so longer inmstead of rushing in ‘the affair. Bailey‘s Statement in Paper Irks Bartleman ‘"We got the same type of advice for Revision and on othtr matters ind if we listened to this advice we would ncot have our assessment of 1950. The council are to be congratâ€" ulated cn their decision. , a> (Csntinued From Last Week) Before continuing a description of my preparations for Belgium, I would ‘like to tell you of a letter I have just received from England. Impressions of a Canadian W ho Recently Returned From England The Auditors gave us their report and said it was alright to proceed," returned Mr. Bartlenj‘n. >\ 4 "I am absolutely positive that we will get the approval.:gf the Ontario Municipal Board. f appreciate Mr. Eyiley‘s views, but something had to be dcone immediately," said Mr. Aube. "I think what has been done has been done for the good of the town and we are getting out of this mess gradually," said Mr. Fay. "I feel ccnfident that the assessâ€" ment will be completed by Nov. 30th, said Mr. Fay. The council passed a resolution to change the cost of ploughing roads cutside of the Town of Timmins to be cost plus ten per cent. It was also pr‘ssed that the town refrain from ploughing private roads without a contract and if it is done the standâ€" ard price will be charged. This is the season of goodwill and generosityâ€"mby I ask again that those of you who have not yet sent one parcel to some one in Britâ€" ainâ€"do s; now, while there is a posâ€" sibility of it reaching its destination in time for Christmas? This letter is rem an elderly lady who lives alone,. consequently she can only have the benefit of one ration "Why did Mr. Gywy want to rush into this contract," asked Mr. Bailey? bork She says, ‘and I quote): "Thank you a thousand times, espeâ€" cially for the sugar, butter and tea. I have opened the can of Irish stew for dinner, having absolutely nothing ir the house. My daily food this week has been my of rashers (bacon}â€"#%,. one day a cheese pie. and the next day a cauliflower. No eggs this week. I have taken one tin (of food) to a neighbor knowing she had nothing _ but bread and apples." : "‘Thank you a thousand times, espeâ€"| â€" We travelled to London to the Belâ€" cially for the sugar, butter and tea. ! gian Embassy. and as I passed the I have opened the can of Irish stew | numbers of new ‘council houses and for dinner, having absolutely nothing | apartments, I was struck anew with ir the house. My daily food this| the makeshift curtains at the winâ€" week has been my ration of rashers' dows. Clothes and textile© rationâ€" (bacon‘â€"Z. one day a chees@e pie.|ing had only just been taken off, and the next day a cauliflower. No| and curtains had been difficult to egg¢s this week. I have taken one| obtain, so I think the inmates had tin (of food) to a neighbor knowing | to scratch arcund for something to she hbhad nothing but bread and' hang at the windows to preserve apples." their privacy. There were just three The pescple I met over there were}colors of dye on the market I am most unselfish. They shared their{ varied in colour but vied with each good things with their neighbors. I| sure for the materials at the windows expect that the fact that they met‘,other in startling hues. N{genta, tsaster and deprivation and death, brilliant yellow, and a particularly together has mikde them more 'con-;pz’sonous shade of green fought for seicus of the little things that bring }.omâ€"nence. I mention this, because happiness. i when we got to Belgium the first When one realizes that a tin of trhing we noticed about the houses se nmnorn "must be kept for Christâ€" there, was the beautiful silky curâ€" may." . and "we will (all share the| tains with wide insets of homeâ€"made sugar becruse we have been told not| ‘:cc, displayed in every window; such to expect an addition to OoHr ration|a great contrast to pocr old ‘blitzad Lor Christmas," it should five food ; England! for C . Aiter waiting my turn at the Emâ€" W.«,‘as Canadians, are most fortuâ€"| bassy (it sounds rather grand. but nate. hear it on every hand when | was in reality an ordinary office with J mention the food rationing; and it â€"AContinued on Pace Six) :C igarettos, for example, were 90¢c per package. 2 .the visiter by their cleanliness. Visits some of theâ€"local lions as guests, and Chairman Jack owney of the bingo committee gave special thanks and appreciation to the Lions Cilub for ‘ the generous assistance fiven by them guest speaker, adding the summary: ' ts the event. The event netted over "Through it all, they remain a people{ $1,700.00, <Chairman Downey said, in ture and food seemed of poor quality.i with comparatively high pi‘.ces. “T’he, people have had to ,learn the lesson | that a person can, do without and stil‘. be reasonably happy," said the of whom we must be proud. They|‘hanking the Lions, the other memâ€" tave gone through the agonies of| bers Of the committee, and al} others hel! with couragg' ana will yet rise who had helped in the success. Pl’ï¬S‘ again to take "their rightful ident F. A. Woodbury also expressed with cther nations." . his appreciation for the allâ€"out assistâ€" The speaker was impressed with ance of the Lions and all others Stokholm ‘as a mecca for tourists,| aSSisting. ‘ though it had its dijadvantages. The| In reporting for the turkey shoof city was famous for its hundreds of| COmmittee, Frank Bailey explained ~apartmen} buildings, fts balconies,| that it was hoped now to be able to and its abundance of flowers and| US2 the same ‘premises as for last year‘s event. Among the. visitors lintroduced by Bascianowerc: Bill Fordie, F. j Murray Ball, and R. G. Fee, Timâ€" In the traveller‘s opinion. Copenâ€"| MinS, and ~Harry <Wesson, of the hagen did not compare favourably | North Bay Kiwanis, Frank J. Brown, with Stokholm, being much duller. formerly of New Liskeard, was reâ€" The castles at Jutland impress»d mrd as trabpsferred to Timmins to Amstevijlam and nearby islands| President A. anâ€" were duly reported, while the speaker) Dounced . that next week‘s luncheon had many comments to make about "4!l be an open forum. place jlights. Travel is easy, clean and rast.. Food is plentiful but nct heap. When one realizes that a tin of se non "must be kept for Christâ€" mas." and "we will (all share the sugar becruse we have been W not to expect an addition to %Jnï¬on Lor Christmas," it should lï¬\n food for thcought. ; Vol. XXXIV No. 47 Almost 100 friends, neighbors and fellow â€" striking employees are assisting Mr. Clarence O‘Connor, Oshawa. Ont., to build a new home. Family Home Burns To Ground, But Friends Build New One positive that we al. Of the Ontario Â¥ appreciate Mr. something had to ave been mld not on to opflration should mve food . are most fortuâ€" every bhand when Continued From Last Woeek 3 p o â€"F The appointment of E. A. "Ted" Perry to the position of Assistant to the Superintendent of Holâ€" linger Consolidated Gold Mines Limâ€" ited was announced this week by E. L. Lcongmore, General Manager of the Company. Mr. Perry, who is a graduate of the University of Toronto, has been with the Hollinger company for 14 ground laborer, he has held a numâ€" years. Starting in 1936 as an underâ€" ber of positions and his apâ€" pointment as Assistant to the Genâ€" era}l Superintendentâ€" was Supervisor of Mine Planning. ; 6. A. ‘Ted‘ Perry Has Mine Appointment In the past few weeks the popuâ€" laticn in the town hall Fyis increased considerably. To brmg the Voters‘ Lists up to date the clerk found it necessary to hire four girls to assist in the work. Twentyâ€"Four Added To Municipal Staff . the â€"recent war Mr.â€" Perry served as a Major with the Royal Canadian Electrical anfl Mechanical Engineers. In the Assessment Department where there is a hive of activity and the staff yise working up to 12 hours a day at the present time to have the assessment notices in the mail by December first. To do this huge task it wis necessary to hire 14 men as mci)‘surers and assessment assistâ€" ant and 6 girls to do the clerical and calculating work. The total increase in staff has amounted to 245 persons. savours a little of complacency> Make up that parcel now, won‘t you? Sugar, butter or margarine, tea and canned or powdered milk and any kind of food in tins. our reâ€" ward is assured. I had arranged to go to Belgium after Ascot, but the friend who was to accompany me urged me to preâ€" pare to go a week earlier as her schedule.could not be made to fit in otherwise. As things ¢ventually turned :311: Providence was keeping an eye on me, and saving me from digaster‘ The old home of Mr. O‘Connor, his wife and three children, representâ€" ing a lifetime savings and 16 years‘ EVERY THURSFPAT is f â€"S.N.S. «BRlhoto planning. burned to the ground a short time ago. The> new home will be ready in 10 days‘ tiume. Reid has not been able to keep up with the work, especiy.ly in the investigations for court cases. They require at least one full mornâ€" ing for each case and this work puts im beshind in his other t+«s®#z," said Mr. Bailey. ‘The, thing. is getting entirely .out of hand especially in the medical and hospxtahzation of p'ople on relief," Mr. Fay. The clerk was authorized by the council to advertise for a Welfare Investigator ts assist Mr. Reid in the Welfare Department. Town Will Hire Relief Investigator "According to Mr. Reid he has not the time to nyi‘ke thorough investiâ€" gations.. He feels that there are many putting things over on us that would were on the job. We weuld save ourâ€" not occur if a full time investigator selves money in the long run,", said Acting Mayor ‘Fay. ‘‘We should jidvertise for an exâ€" perienced person for the job," added Mr. Bartlemart Kiwanis See "Europe Through Timmins‘ Eyes" "This is all in reverse. _ The more preventative measures we take the higher the medical expenses are," concluded Mr. Bartleman. The guest speaker dealt with visits to England, France, Holland, Denâ€" mark, ESweden, and Switzerland. In reference to England, the speaker sdid: "While the rationing and point system has been in effect for nearly ten years,. the people are not comâ€" plaining. They have a certain philâ€" osophy, a faith and a temperament typically English. . . They have had and still have a rough road, and are standing up well under adverse conâ€" ditions." It was Mr. Fowler‘s imâ€" pression that facikfies for tourists were not of the best. Hotel rates were high, and tourists did not get the comforts thgy shoull. Much havoc had been wrought by the war, and rebuilding was proceding slowâ€" ly. On account cf the need for buildâ€" ing up export trade, clothes, furniâ€" ture and food seemed of poor quality, with comparatively high pi‘ces. ‘"The people have had to ,learn the lesson that a person can, do without and stil‘ be reasonably happy," said the guest speaker, aiding the summary: ‘"‘Through it all, they remain a people of whom we must be proud. They tave gone through the agonies of hel! with courage, and will yet rise again to take " their rxghtful place with cther nations." nospltallzation OI p')ple on relief â€â€˜ The attorneyâ€"general said no ~at id Mr. Fay tempt would be made to divide the "This is all _in reverse. The mme honors between . Liberals and Proâ€" preventative measures we take the| gressive Conservatives, but Mr. Ansâ€" higher the medical expenses are," | combe replied: "It has always been concluded Mr. Bartleman. the right of the party â€" in power to «o io e n se e ie mm s idxspense the honor. If we are in a . _ The counelil approved the payment‘ genuine coalition that wight is going of accounts totalling $58,213.38. to be preserved i ~apartmen} buildings, fts balconies, and its abundance of flowers and jlights. Travel is easy, clean and rast.. Food is plentiful but nct heap. The address of Stan. G. Fowler, Lions International, brought rounds of applause at the weekly luncheon of the Timmins Kiwanis at the Emâ€" pire hotel on Monday. His address was under the title, "Europe Through Timmins‘.Eyes," and was a report of impressions on a recent trip to Europe by Mr. and Mrs. Fowler. The speaker was impressed with Stokholm as a mecca for tourists, though it had its disjadvantages. Th2 city was famous for its hundreds of Past Canadian Governor of the TIMMINS, ONTARIO, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 24th, 1949 "Everycne in Timmins is becomâ€" ing Fire Prevention Conscious and this has been very much in"‘; during â€"«the past month," Chief Stanley. ‘"We have h one call since Tuesday, Nov. 15th, until today, which amoun to a ckhimney fire and resulted in no damâ€" age. This is a wonderful record and I hcpe the people of Timmins keep up the good work.‘" Acting Mayor Phil Fay informed the Porcupine Advance on Tuesday morning following: the meet of the Power Conservation Comm Town Timmins has power restrictions as of have removed half of the street ll;hts and commencing Tuesday fight the street lights will be tm'ndd off at 1.30 a.m. Timmins Residents Fire Conscious . Says Wm. Stanley Now that Christmas is coming and the purchases of decorations will be made a word of warnifng is given by the Chief. "Be sure that afl; decoraâ€" tions are fireprocf and clegn up all, and any scrap paper and Wrappmgs as these are, a fire hazard." Finance Minister Anscombe, head province‘s Progressive Conâ€" servatives, didn‘t agree. Heâ€"said the appointments were the prerogative of the B.C. government, not of fedâ€" eralâ€" appointeesâ€"which justices are. Street Lights Off At 1.30 a.m., Starts I know that many of the miniers coming off night shift will nct like the idea but it must be done to conâ€" BPritish Columbia‘s Coalition. govâ€" ernment and Progressive Conservaâ€" ‘tives last weekâ€"end faced a spMt within its cabinet ranks. The issue was the, appointment of 20 King‘s Counsellors, first to be named in four years * Attorneyâ€"General Wiganer, a Libâ€" eral, said he plans o make the apâ€" pointments on merit, not on patronâ€" age. He devised a new committee in B.C. and a representative of B.C. consisting of the two chief ~justices benchers, to advise the government in the: appointments. Commenting on the way each Eurcpean country seems to make a national industry of selling its hisâ€" toric asssciation to ‘travelllers, Mr. Fowler said: "I <could not help but ‘think of the natural beauty of this vast country of Canada." At another ‘«+‘me, he commented: "I returned to Canads with one conviction: that we do not appreciate enough the high standards of living and the freedom enjoyed in Canada." In reporting for the turkey shoof committee, Frank Bailey explained that it was hoped now to be able to use the same ‘premises as for last year‘s event. Among the. visitors lintroduced by | t# o u_ ts the event. The event netted over $1,700.00, <Chairman Downey said, in vhanking the Lions, the other memâ€" bers of the committee, and all others who had helped in the success. Presâ€" ident F. A. Woodbury also expressed his appreciation for the allâ€"out assistâ€" ance of the Lions and all others assisting. * Paris, one of them being that the traffic problem was very badly handâ€" led Historic spots in Paris were visâ€" ited, and the comment made that to dine out in Paris meant to spend the evening. It was Switzerland that took the speaker‘s fancy as a splendid place to visit. There was beauty and grandeur, and the people were unâ€" usually ‘kindâ€"and thoughtful of visitâ€" ors. The guest speaker was introduced by Past President R. P. Kinkel, and thanyked by J. B. Rooney. With a Lions International Canaâ€" clan Past Governor as the guest speaker, Monday‘s Kiwanis luncheon seemed to be Lions Day in some cther respects also. There were some of theâ€"local lions as guests, and Chairman Jack owney of the bingo committee gave special thanks and appreciation to the Lions Cilub for the generous assistance fiven by them Cabinet Ranks Faces Split On the stand Tebin said, "after the shift he came up to surface and was taking a shower when he found * cloth bag which he put in his lunch kit and took it home." The Directors and Management of the Hol‘nger Consolidated Gold Mines announced last week that a supply cf turkeys is assured for the Christmas season and, in keeping with the practice of former years, will be disi:ibuted among the families o eligible employees. Porcupine Chamber of Commerce â€"_â€" Review Committee Reports ol1 Farrell. Fred Tomlinson and Real Lebrun were given suspended sentences on the charges of stealing from the C. â€"C. Stores. The Magistrate gave the boys 1: very severe warning and of the opportunity they were getting ir having‘ another chance to keep out of trouble. He warned them that should they ever appear before him again he would show them no mercy. ‘"‘This ss not a light offense and you did steal ;# considerable amount of gcods," the magistrate. Both were ordcred to sign a bond of $500. and to keep the peace for two years. 6 MONTRHS Zaygmunt Tebin, a 22 year old youth residing at 211 Algonquin Blvd. E. cryrirged with illegal possession of gold ore was sentenced to six months in jail. The discovery was made by the R.C.M.P. who were investigating the accussed for other reasons. The R.C.M.RB. gave the information to the Provincial Police who laid the In charge of the distribution will be Mr. Norman Greene and Mr. Marâ€" The amount of gold ore discovered was worth approximately $40.00. He said, he did not know why he did not take it back to the mine. William Nicholson of 65 Middletaon Ave. who was charged with the illegal possession of gold ore had his case remanded until next week. Informaâ€" tion as to the assay report had not been received~yt the timeâ€"court ~epened. Representing the Guild of All Arts, Mrs. A. J. Villeneuve w#3 guest speaker when members of the Rotary Club held their regular weekly meetâ€" ing at the Goldfields Hotel. In her informative and interesting address Mrs, Villeneuve urged the Club to become ac§ive members in the Guild. There was a need for financyl asâ€" sistance to maintain the shop opened in the past two weeks at the corner of Birch street and Algonquin Blyd., she told the ~gathering. She stated that there was a good supply lof shirts, woodwork, etc., for sale, ‘and members were invited to bring their hobkies to this shop where they would be offered for sale. Members were also invited to visit the shop set up in Timmins to learn a hobby i1 they had not already had one. Mrs. Villeneuve also told her audience that she and many others felt that the Guild with its workshop was y‘n ansâ€" wer to many of .the problems in the Porcupine. Rotarians Hear of Guild of All Arts From Washington last Friday came an order grounding part of,the United States Bâ€"29 bomber fleet. The reaâ€" son? A series of crashes which have killed at least 120 men in the last 12 weeks. The order came hard on the heels of the latest crash, in which five of a nineâ€"man crew, setting forth to search for 20 men missing off Berâ€" muda in a crashed Bâ€"29, died in the crash of their own Bâ€"29. 4 Uncfficial records show that since Aug. 29, 27 superfortresses have gone down with a death toll cf 120. The U.S. Air Force has launchked an invesâ€" tis(f»n. The Bâ€"29 planes which were groundéd were due to have their four engines "modernized." She also stressed the advantages gleaned from friendship in working in close association with others. Mrs. Villeneuve was thanked by Harold Gauthier. President William Long conducted the meeting and a sing .song was led by Hendy Henderson. Rotarian Don Powell was y‘ppointed to lead the singing for the next meetâ€" ing. It was decided to present a trophy to the High "YÂ¥" Club of the H.S. V.S. to be used for their winter carâ€" nival. tonight at 8 p.m.1‘% the home of Roâ€" tarian Sol Shankman. President Long thanked the comâ€" mittees for their very fine reports as submitted to the District Governor on his visit to the club last week. Rev. Don Powell fgyive a rrpcrt on the success of the clothing drive which was wound up at this meetâ€" ing. es Grahnam Deerling of Hamilton was also a guest at the dinner. M r. Long reminéed the directors of a meeting inger Employees Receive Turkeys "The purpose of this meeting," he said, "was to review the work of the Chamber of the past few months and hear the reports ef the committes chairman â€" on their progress. I weuld also like to take this opporâ€" tunity to compliment Mr. Len Masâ€" son, our secretaryâ€"manager for his excellent News Letter that all memâ€" bers have been receiving for the past ‘three months. The general meeting of the Porcuâ€" pine Chamber of Commerce held in the Coduncil) Chambers last Friday evening was opened by the chairâ€" man Mr. Geo. Knowles. In a report from the membership committee headed by Mr. Sol Shankâ€" man it was reported that there was a gain of 65 members, bringing the total to 467 paid up members. Timmins Daily Power Quota Set, 71,420 K.W.H. The Chamber has been very sucâ€" cessful to date and we will have the reports from our very active comâ€" mittees, which number fourteen. Mcst of these committees have ‘held at least two meetings." Mr. Max Corman, chairman of Committee on Committees stated, "The choice of a chairman was very thcrough and from the action of these committees we were not wrong in our choices." The finance committee requested that the heads of each department submit their annual budge for 1950 as early in January as possible. Art Mcran said, "the total revenue to date The council passed a resolution granting the V.O.N. ah yridditional $1300 to carry on their work until the end of the year. The resolution however was subject to the approval of the Ontario Municipal Board. The reason for this yction explainâ€" ed the clerk, "is that the council can only grant funds where they have budgeted for them. In"this"case they did not budget and if they go ahead and apprcve the gijint, without the consent of the O.M.B. the councilâ€" lors themselves would be ordered to pay from their own Mr. Julian Miner, repiigsentatfve from the Junior Chamber of Comâ€" merce informed the council that they had secured the permission of the Public and Separate School Bc@rds for the use of Birch Street, Moneta, Hcly Family and St. Charles Schools for preâ€"election meeting commencing one week ‘before the elections on the 14th of December. The Sunday eveâ€" ning prior to the election the J.C.‘s have engaged the Empire Theatre for meeting. The council voted the sum of $80 to defray expenses for the rental of the theatre and other incidental exâ€" penses. Smith and Elston were awarded the contract for the installation of plumbâ€" ing s 65 Queen Ave. for the sum of $170.00. Byâ€"law 1162 received its first, second and third reading ind {finally pessed in council being a byâ€"law to seek a temporary loan from the Imâ€" perial Bank of Ca:fJda on the capiâ€" ta‘. construction now in progress in order to pay expenses incurred in the work in progress. What Council Did J.C.‘s ARRANGE MEETINGS i on i "a With â€"the whole family ill, Mr. and Mrs. Waiter of Mount mth â€" W amily . and Mrs. Walter Curl of Moun Pleasant, near Sutton, Ont., seen with youngest of four sons, KenDCt). nine months, despaired of getting fall plowing done. NeighbOr used 16 tractors to do job for them, , _ 34 LOAN BYâ€"LAW Friends Help Stricken Family V.O.N. is $9,015.00 and it is expected that the $10,000 will be reached by Dec. The present operating cost is $6460 per month and we will be able to operate within the funds collected this year." 318. The Industrial Development Comâ€" mittee headed by Mr. Geo. Charron, informed the gathering of the Hydro request for a reduction in the conâ€" sumption in power in this area, and reported on the ,mformation required for the Industrial Survey Booklet. Other reports were heard from Alâ€" vin Urquhart, of the Division, Mr. Adamson on Airports and Aviaâ€" tion, Wilf Spooner of the Agriculâ€" ture Committee, Dr. J‘. B. McClinton of the Professional Committee, and Mr. M. Urquhart from the Mines. "We have prepared a â€" questionâ€" naire and a letter to seek information for the Industries and Wholesale Com mittee," said Bob Farrell, the chairâ€" man. The final plans of the Santa Claus Parade were outlined and a special train had been arranged to leave Timmins on Saturday afternoon at 5.30 p.m. to .connect with the trains to Cochbrane and Kirkland Lake. Mr. Masson in his report ‘to the Chairman, said, "I have never reâ€" gretted my choice in coming to Timâ€" mins. The enthusiasm of the memâ€" bers is staggering and we have the best Chamber of Commerce in the Dominion if=not the largest." The initial meeting of the power conservation committee was held in the committee rcoms of he Town Hall on Monday afternbon. Acting Mayor Phil Fay was chosen to act as the chairman of the group which will meet every Monday afternoon at 5.00 The ccmmittee members attending the meeting were Mr. Alvin Urquâ€" hart and Mr. Arnold Centner repreâ€" senting the Retail Division of the Porcupine Chamber of Commerce, Graham Deering of the Junior Chamâ€" ber‘ ‘of"© Commerce, Fire® Chiéf ~"Wm. Stanley, Brian Shello®, Jules Badâ€" eski, of the Separate School Board, Mr. A. A. Rose of the Timmins High School, Mr. J. P. Burke and Mr. C. Cunningham of the H.E.P.C. Those who were on the committee and were unable to attend were Harvey Freceâ€" man, Mr. Roy Hardy and Mrs. Mary Gauthier. The retailers under the chairmanâ€" ship cf Mr. Urquhart informed the meeting that they are to carry out the same procedure as last year in the reduction of power in the stores, especially the lighting of windows and of store signs after hours. A report wil be heard from this diviâ€" sion next meeting. All principals through the school boards were asked to inform the children of the necessity of power conservation in â€" _ the home. The H.E.P.C. will be issuing blotters and pamphlets on methods of conserving power. "The daily quota set for Timmins is 71,420 KWH," said Mr. Cunningâ€" Fam when contacted by the Advance rolicwing the meeting. The quota set for this year is 4,580 KWH less than last year. According to figures issued by Mr. Cunningham the conâ€" sumption of power to the end of October was up over 1,000,000 KWH cver the same period last year. . The Council gave third reading to : Byâ€"law to borrew $13,000 for the Single Copy;-Five Cents The Pioneéer Paï¬er _of the Porcupine BORROW $13,000 certain