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20 THE OSHAWA TIMES, Tuesday, April 11, 1967 History Forming In Britain New Ghetto Type Societies By CAROL, KENNEDY LONDON (CP)--A new phe- nomenon in British history is taking menacing shape in the industrial cities with big im- migrant populations --Har- lem - type ghetto societies which may breed a whole new generation of second - class citizens by the end of the century. Two sociologists who have produced a study in depth of one such area --the Spark- brook suburb of race - con- scious Birmingham --suggest that unless government ac- tion can change misguided local housing policies, the ten- dency towards segregation will continue, with colored immigrants becoming a flash- point for racial hostility. John Rex and Robert Moore, whose book Race, Community and Conflict was commissioned by the London- based Institute of Race Rela- tions, say that the Birming- ham situation would have arisen even if the post-war flood of colored Common- wealth immigrants -- now slowed to a trickle by the 1964 Immigration Act --had never taken place. Second-class citizens were already there, they say, in the shape of Irish immigrants, crammed into semi - slum areas by housing regulations which require five years' resi- dence before an applicant can get on the list for a municipal dwelling. Colored faces, alien cultures and language difficulties, how- ever, throw the problem into a more dramatic light and focus attention--and often ra- cial resentment--upon it. Rex and Moore chose Sparkbrook because its immi- grant population, packed into sleazy lodging - houses one family to a room, is made up approximately half - and- half Irish and colored and thus illuminates the problem with- out laying false stress on race cial origins. Birmingham, Britain's sec- ond city and industrial work- shop, faces perhaps the worst sociological problem in the country. Although its immi- grant population forms only one-fifth of its 1,100,000 inhabi- tants, it has no fewer than eight areas fast developing into ghetto-like communities with English-born residents in a_ minority. It was in Birmingham, in the 1964 general election, that racial prejudice first edged its ugly features into British poli- tics. Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths won his riding on an oblique keep-Smeth- with-white platform, but was ousted by the Labor landslide of March, 1966. It was here, in 1965, that the incredible sight of flaming Ku Klux Klan crosses brought Birmingham, War- wickshire, alarmingly close to the extremist image associ- ated with its Alabama name- sake. Behind it all lay the bitter paradox that Birmingham, a reformist city with a long his- tory of radical, egalitarian sympathies, should appar- ently have turned into a fort- ress of reaction. One local councillor wrote the Birming- ham Evening Mail: "Only good colored immi- grants should be allowed to come here, good in morals and health, and they should be licensed so that their good behavior and limitation is guaranteed." Anxiety about immigrants is felt most sharply in the field of housing--and it is here, say sociologists Rex and Moore, that the making of a second- class citizen begins. DRIVEN INTO SLUMS Housing in 'British cities is controlled by the local author- ity and the government has little power to influence its policy except through subsi- dies for municipal housing de- velopment. How a city allo- cates its available dwellings is up to its own corporation, although the housing ministry seeking country-wide co- operation in drawing up a common code based on need. Birmingham's system, where five years' residence is necessary before a citizen can qualify for the municipal hous- ing list, automatically throws immigrant newcomers into the only available low-rent accommodation -- slum lodg- ings in once - opulent town houses deserted in the middle- class flight to the suburbs. The problem _ becomes sharper when the children-- particularly of colored immi- grants--attend local schools. Harassed teachers with over- crowded classse haven't time to deal with language difficul- ties and behavior problems. Immigrant children sink to the bottom of the class, later drifting into adult life without a hope of becoming the doc- tors and engineers their par- ents had dreamed of in Dublin or Kingston, Jamaica. PROPOSE REMEDIES The whole desperate cycle then begins again. "You may talk about the equal society as much as you like, but we are creating a sub-class, a class of sub- normal people," a speaker told the recent policy confer- ence of Birmingham's Labor party. What can be done to arrest the trend? Sociologists Rex and Moore suggest government initiative could help break up the ghet- toes and integrate their inhab- itants into British life. Among their proposals are high prior- ity for rented housing and a national investigation into the phenomenon of the multi- family lodging-house with ex- tensive redevelopment and re- housing plans if necessary. They also advocate enforc- ing a code of housing alloca- tion based solely on need, not length of residence. 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