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ay Ohe Oshawa wine CANADIANS WON FIRST VICTORY FOR ALLIES 86 King St. E., Oshawa, Ontario Published by Canadian Newspapers Limited T. L. Wilson, Publisher E. C. Prince, Associate Publisher OSHAWA, ONTARIO, THURSDAY, MARCH 30, 1967 Legal Aid In Ontario Available To All Citizens On Wednesday, March 29th, 1967, the new Ontario Legal Assistance Plan became effective. Its purpose is to provide legal aid to anyone whether in a criminal or civil action and its basic aims are to provide justice to every man under the law. Many times we hear of people who become entangled with the law and through their ignorance or lack of understanding they often times are penalized unjustly. Many times also, through fear or misunderstanding, legal counsel is not sought because of a misconcep- tion about the fee involved. These problems should no longer exist in Ontario. The new Ontario Legal Assistance Plan guarantees that no resident of Ontario shall be denied his legal rights because of the lack of funds with which to pay the legal fees. Under the new plan persons re- quiring assistance choose their own lawyer from a list of lawyers which is open to inspection from a local area director. The application for legal assis- tance is made to this Area Director and then between the people in- volved a decision is reached as to how much of the legal costs you can pay, if any. The difference is made up from the Legal Assistance funds provided by the Ontario Govern- ment and the entire plan is admin. istered by the Law Society of Upper Canada. It is claimed by its proponents that this is the most advanced solu- tion in the world to the problem of legal assistance and certainly upon examination this seems to be so. Ontario residents can be thank- ful that through the efforts of the Law Society of Upper Canada this legislation came to pass Air-Who Needs It YouSay The complexity and dependability of the modern motor vehicle has tended to make the average owner neglect a number of important fea- tures of his car. For one thing, the Canadian Highway Safety Coun- cil points out, few owners remem- ber the proper inflation for their ear's tires. The manual with each new car lists the correct inflation for front and rear tires, yet the mo- torist seldom can tell the service station attendant how many pounds he needs in the tires. . Strict adherence to these infla- tion recommendations is extremely She Osharon Fines 86 King St. E., Oshawa, Ontoarie T. L. WILSON, Publisher & C. PRINCE, General Manager C, J, MeCONECHY. Editor SUBSCRIPTION RATES Oshawa Times combining The Oshawa Times festablished 1871) and the itby Gazette ond Chronicle (established 1863) is published daily (Sundays end Statutory holidays excepted). Dally ublish- or a ers Association, The Canadian Press. Audit Bureau Association. The Canadian Press i is exclusively entitled to the use of republication of all news despatched in the paper credited to It er to The Associated Press or Reuters, and also the local news published therein. All rights of special des- patches ore also reserved. 86 King St. £., Oshawa, Ontario National Advertising Offices: Thomson Building 425 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario; 640 Cathcart Street Montreal, P.O. Delivered by corners in Oshawa, Whitby, Ajax, Pickering, Bowmanville, Brooklin, Port Perry, Prince Albert, Maple Grove, Hompton, Frenchman's Bay, tiverpool, Taunton, Tyrone, Dunborton Enniskillen, Orono, Leskard, Brougham, Burketon, Claremont, Manchester Pontypool, and Newcastle not over 55c week. By mail in Province of Ontario outsh carrier delivery area, $15.00 per year. Other provinces. and Commonwealth Countries, $18.00 per yeor. U.S.A, ond foreign $27.00 pm year. tome nee important, according to the Council. Not only for safety, but for econo- mic reasons, proper inflation must receive constant attention. Under- inflation of a tire results in flexing which builds up excessive heat and increases the risk of tire failure. Underinflation also causes rapid wear on the tire's outer edges, and may cause internal damage. The Rubber Association of Can- ada has urged motorists to check tire air pressure at least once a month, when tires are cool, prefer- ably after the vehicle has been parked for at least three hours or driven less than a mile at moderate speeds. Underinflation results in improper contact with the road sur- face. While modern tires are vastly stronger and more dependable than any tires in the past, the association reminds owners they can still wear and they can be damaged by lack of attention and care. Other Editors' Views POSITIVE APPROACH Rattling around British political platforms for years to come will be the remark of a car plant worker when told he'd be laid off: "I'm glad I. saved enough during the years of Tory depression to tide me over the years of Socialist prosper- ity." --Ottawa Journal SUPER SYSTEM FOR FUTURE TO Wh TROOPS TOUGH, MORALE HIGH Vimy Brought Pride Of Nationhood To Canada By CAROL KENNEDY (Canadian Press Staff Writer) Fifty years after that freez- ing Easter Monday dawn, the words of a Canadian army of- ficer of a later generation sum up the national signifi- cance of Vimy Ridge: "It was, in a military sense, the birth of Canada as a nation." That was when the cream of Canada's fighting men, work- ing with clockwork precision as a fully co-ordinated team, stormed up a slope in north- ern France to win the first real Allied victory of the First World War. In a nutshell, this is why April 9 will be marked by simultaneous ceremonies in Ottawa, London and Vimy; why eminent military men of three nations will muster by the great white stone memor- ial on the ridge to honor 75 frail veterans--one from each unit that fought at Vimy -- among the pines planted dec- ades ago to symbolize their fallen comrades. Vimy was the' making of Canada's national army. It was the first time all four di- visions of the Canadian Corps had gone into battle as a sin- gle unit, with men from every province fighting shoulder to shoulder. Vimy was the fur- nace that welded them into a formidable weapon of war: " ql NNN suites tn ia Afterwards, in the words of the official Canadian war his- tory, they brought back to Canada a pride of nationhood they had not known before. Vimy Ridge also won pro- fessional recognition for Cana- dian military leadership. Pre- viously, Canadian units had been commanded in the field by British army regulars and at Vimy the Canadian Corps was led by Lt.-Gen. Sir Julian Byng, a South African war veteran who later became Vis- count Byng of Vimy and Ca- nadian Governor General 1921-26. Immediately after Vimy, control of Canada's forces in France passed to the Cana- dian-born commander of the Ist Division, Maj.-Gen, A. W. Currie. On a wider canvas, Vimy marked a turn in the two-year tide of defeats and setbacks the Allies had suffered on the Western Front. The war had largely settled down into a slogging stalemate with the opposing armies dug into a web of trenches stretching from the Swiss border almost to the Channel ports. Nowhere did the Allies face such daunting odds as at Vimy Ridge, a six-mile-long, sinister hogsback rise that formed the keystone of the German defences guarding UUM uae Gu nin Verendrye Boys Travelled Far West To South Dakota BY BOB BOWMAN Alexander Mackenzie was the first man to cross the North American continent by land. He marked the achievement on a rock at Bella Coola, British Co- lumbia, on July 23, 1793. Fifty years earlier the great French- Canadian explorer, Pierre la Verendrye, thought ne was go- ing to make it. He had worked his way west as far as present- day Portage la Prairie, Man., and kept hearing stories from the Indians about high moun- tains from which could be seen water too brackish for men to drink. It sounded like the Pa- cific! Pierre la Verendrye was ham- pered by enemies in Montreal and Quebec. He had to make several trips back and forth from the prairies in order to get enough money to keep going. Among. his faithful followers were three sons, one of whom was killed by the Indians while he was bringing supplies from the east. In 1742, Verendrye was forced to go east again, but Chevalier and Louis .Joseph Verendrye made another effort to find In- dians who could show them the way. Although they left Fort la Reine--Portage la Prairie--on April 29, 1742, they did not find the tribe they wanted until March the following year. They were known as "the little Cherry Indians,"' but knew nothing of the: Pacific. Never- theless, Chevalier wrote in his diary that he could see moun- tains that were "for the most part well wooded and seem very high." They may have been the Big Horn range of the Rocky Mountains. : It is certain that the Veren- drye boys were in South Dakota during their trip. In February 1913, 170 years later, some young people found a buried plate near Pierre, the capital. It was inscribed "Placed by the Chavelier de la Verendrye the 30th of March 1743." OTHER MARCH 30 EVENTS: 1710--Michel Begon appointed Intendant of Canada. 1814--American army under General Wilkinson was forced to retreated by a force of 340 men at Lacolle, Que. TODAY IN HISTORY By THE CANADIAN PRESS March 30, 1967... Louis Riel arrived in Ot- tawa. 93 years ago today-- in 1874--to claim the. par- liamentary seat of Proven- cause of his organization of the Red River Rising of 1870 and committed to Que- bec lunatic asylums for three years, although legally a banished rebel. He re- nyse turned from the United cher to which he had been twice elected. He was ex- pelled from Parliament be- States in 1884 and led a second rebellion, only to be defeated, captured and hanged the following year. 1814--The last U.S. inva- sion of Canadian soil was defeated at Lacolle, Que. 1927--The Ontario Liquor Control Act was passed. TU LL) THERMAL POWER PLANTS U.K. Banks Big Money On Nuclear Reactor By CARL MOLLINS WINDSCALE, England (CP) Britain is banking big money and technological talent in the fast breeder nuclear reactor as the super-system of the fu- ture for producing electric power. The atomic power plants de- veloped at Windscale and next-door Calder Hall are al- ready regarded here as the Model Ts of nuclear energy stations, although the nine- station building program on the Calder pattern is still be- ing completed and commer- cial application of the ad- vanced Windscale model is just beginning. Other systems of building thermal ipower plants around the heat created by jostling uranium atoms--the Canadian and American among them-- are likewise considered now to be passing phases. The fast breeder, more compact and more efficient, will make it possible to use much of the 99.3 per cent of natural ura- nium that is unusable in pres- ent power reactors. BRITAIN GETS JUMP "Many different types of nu- clear reactors have been de- signed and tried," says Sir William Penney, chairman of the U.K. Atomic Energy Au- thority, "'These present sys- tems are, however, ephemeral and will only dominate the market for a decade or two. "The full potential of the vast energy content of fission energy will become accessible when the fast reactor breeder system is introduced into the electricity generating sys- tems." The Organization for Eco- nomic Co-operation and De- velopment, which groups 21 industrial nations, forecasts fast reactors will supplant all other types by about 1990. Britain, which has been op- erating "conventional' nu- clear electricity stations longer than any other coun- try, is set to get a head start on the OECD forecast with a target to ititroduce commer- cial fast reactors by 1980. An experimental fast re- actor that produces electricity for two Scottish towns has been operating for eight years ~--at full power for four years ~--at Dounreay in northern Scotland, About 2,500 scien- tists, technicians and workers have been building a bigger prototype for a year with scheduled completion by 1971. Penney says commercial sta- tions based on the $90,000,000 prototype could be in service in Britain by 1978, or 1980 at the latest. SOVIETS KEEP UP Only the Soviet Union, with a test reactor on the Caspian Sea, is believed to be as far advanced as Britain at this stage in the fast reactor field, The United States, which produced electricity from a small experimental power breeder 15 years ago at Arco, Idaho, suffered a setback last year when an accident melted the big Enricé Fermi fast- breeder furnace in Virginia. But the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission has decided to give priority to its breeder program with a target for op- erational power plants in the mid-1980s. France, which has six first- generation nuclear power sta- tions similar to the British 'increase the type and. plans six more, hopes to start work on a pro- totype fast reactor named Phenix by 1970. Canada is heavily com- mitted to its own heavy water system through investment in plants at Glace Bay, N.S., and Estevan, Sask., to separate the one gallon of heavy water that occurs in 7,000 gallons of natural water. USED AS COOLANT In the Canadian system, heavy water surrounds ura- nium fuel rods. as a moder- ator, a material that causes neutrons radiated by uranium to bounce back, splitting and jostling more uranium atoms so that they get hot. Heavy water is also used as a cool- ant, circulating past the ura- nium rods and carrying the heat to boilers where steam is made to rotate turbines and produce electricity. All other systems in com- mercial use are variants of the same basic method. The British Calder Hall type uses graphite as a moderator, car- bon dioxide as a coolant. The Windscale Advanced Gas- Cooled Reactor is a more compact version with higher reactor temperatures and simpler concrete pressure sys- tems instead of steel. U.S. plants use ordinary wa- ter as both moderator and coolant in Boiling Water Re- actors and Pressurized Water Reactors. Because natural water is less efficient than heavy water or graphite as a moderator, U.S. systems com- pensate by using enriched ura- nium--uranitim processed to proportion of 235 isotopes, the vital active ingredient, to about three per cent from the natural .7 per cent. The major part of the uranium, the U288 isotopes, is converted into plutonium in the reactor. FAR MORE EFFICIENT In the fast breeder reactor, the plutonium leftovers of thermal nuclear reactors can be used in combination with uranium in a_heat-creating reaction without the need for a moderator of heavy water, natural water or graphite. As a bonus, the unmoderated-- fast -- reactor produces or breeds at least as much new plutonium as it is using. The fast breeder thus is more than 100 per cent more efficient in utilizing uranium than the moderated reactors, burning eventually up to 75 per cent of the natural ura- nium instead of the .7 per cent utilized in a. plant like Doug- las Point, Ont. Such efficiency means money, with uranium at about $5 a pound and considering a plant like the Pickering, Ont., station under construction will use 232 tons initially and an rannual replacement rate of 116 tons. The men at Windscaleare already preparing for the fast- reactor era with a factory to process plutonium for Doun- reay and its descendants. But they retain a. parental pride in the Calder Hall and Wind- scale reactors, despite their comparative chugging ineffi- ciency. Without the Calder Halls and Windscales, there would be no plutonium fuel for fast breeders, Pwitonium, unlike uranium, is not found in na- ture. the plain of Douai with its vital coalfields and industries at Lens and Lille. The Ger- mans had captured the ridge as early as October, 1914 and in three years had turned it into a fortress. Uncounted thousands of French soldiers had died in futile assaults on its western slopes. A Canadian veteran remembers his first sight of the battlefield wifh shell holes filled with water tinted red from the rotting uniforms of French corpses. By the winter of 1915, mu- tiny was spreading in the French army as a result, and five men were executed. The British took over in 1916 and in nine disheartning. months met with no better "success. Sir Douglas Haig, the British commander - in- chief, determined on a de- cisive breakthrough in 1917, As part of a 14-mile-long as- sault by 14 divisions, the ridge was to be captured in a sur- prise attack on the German flank. The technique of a devastat- ing artillery barrage followed up by swift infantry attack had already been used with success by the French on a small scale at Verdun. The forces assigned the task that had defeated both French and British were the four di- IN MEMORY OF THE FALLEN --This great white Dalmatian stone monument standing on the highest point ofa hill in France, is in visions of the Canadian Corps, backed by one British division with Canadian and British heavy artillery in support. It was a formidable choice. The Canadians were tough troops in fine physical shape, tempered by two years of bat- tle but not yet drained by the heavy casualties of Ypres and the Somme. They were com- manded by a mixture of Brit- ish and Canadian - born of- ficers, many with experience of the South African cam- paign, of the North West Mounted Police and of Can- ada's territorials, the Non- Permanent Active Militia. Morale was exceptionally high. The Canadians dug in at the foot of the ridge in January, 1917, confident they would take it where everyone else had failed. The Germans, lulled by three years' security, had let their defences run to seed. There was lack of co-ordina- tion between the forward line and the rear reserves which could be exploited by a sharp, sustained attack. Neverthe- less, they were confident they could repel the expected spring offensive. A German officer told his Canadian captors: "You might get to the top of the ridge but I'll tell you this, you'll be able to take all the Canadians back to Canada in a rowboat who get there." The assault on Vimy was designed as a separate, lim- ited part of the grand British sweep out of Arras. The Ca- nadians were instructed to take the ridge in six hours and hold it, advancing no farther, while Haig threw massed cav- alry into the breach made by the artillery and infantry. The over - all plan failed, however, and only the Cana- dian part. could be counted a victory. The unworldliness of Haig's cavalry concept was brutally exposed by the fate of Canadian horsemen who charged "swords in line" only to be cut down from the air by the red-painted machines of Baron von Richthofen, Ger- many's fighter ace. The Canadian attack began precisely on schedule at 5:30 Easter Monday morning, April 9, amid sleet and snow flurries, The entire German front line seemed to explode under the biggest concen- trated barrage of the war, 983 guns pounding in clockwork unison along a four-mile front. Up the slope went the in- fantry battalions, each of the four - divisions following its separate track to meet the Bavarian and Prussian units entrenched on the ridge. From the air, Canadian ace Billy Bishop observed that the waves of infantry seemed to move at an almost leisurely pace behind the rolling screen of shells, as if the battle were "a great bore," "We felt so safe with it," recalled one Canadian at- tacker. 'You could see the thing beating--it was just like a lawn mower when you're cutting grass." In four hours the first two Canadian divisions had swept the Germans from the top of the ridge and stormed down into the enemy gun area. A German counter-attack failed and by April 12, although the battle continued another two days, the entire ridge was in Canadian hands, It was to re- main an Allied strongpoint un- til 1918. On Hill 145, highest point of the ridge and the spot where the great memorial now stands, there was no fighting after the night of April 9. In six days the Canadian Corps advanced 4,500 yards along its four-mile front, seiz- ing 282 guns and 4,000 prison- ers--a greater collective gain than any yet made by the Allies on the Western Front, It cost the corps 10,602 casu- alties, including 3,598 killed, of a total strength of 97,184. They were light losses by the standards of the time. TL memory of the Canadians who fell in the early spring of 1917 storming and cap- turing Vimy Ridge, the FOREIGN NEWS ANALYSIS nip vn nnn first great Allied victory of the First World War. Its twin pylons representing Canada's founding nations, AMONG AAA SG Long Viet War Likely By PHILIP DEANE Foreign affairs analyst The course is set for a long war in Vietnam; Lyndon John- son does not expect to make peace before next year's elec- tions unless the Communists back down. Sources in Washing- ton do not express the reasoning behind this decision in the sim- ple moral alternatives that pre- vail among those who protest American policy, though moral considerations are part of the equation. What is best for the current generation of human beings liv- ing in Vietnam, a U.S. victory, a Communist victory or an im- mediate cessation of the war re- gardiess of politica! conse- quences? To this question there is only one answer: An imme- diate cessation of the war is best, most American policy- makers would say; some even concede privately that for the average South Vietnamese pea- sant, a Communist victory might lead, in the short run, to better, more honest govern- ment, freedom from moneylend- ers and from heavy rents, But there are other moral considerations, U.S. experts say. There are the more than 1,000,000 Vietnamese who fled from the North to the South to escape Communist persecution; these people have since sided emphatically with the Ameri- cans and would face a grievous threat to their life and welfare if communism were allowed to POINTED PARAGRAPHS The best day in which. to ac- complish something is the day before tomorrow. That there is no place like home may explain why so many people are constantly on the go these days. Note to garmmarians: You might as well give up -- "'ly" has been permanently removed from '"'surely". Since scientists cracked the atom, many other things have been going to pieces. take South Vietnam. In addition to those who fled from North Vietnam, there are others, more numerous, who also have sided with the Americans and who would be severely punished or even liquidated if c i won. The fate of its friends, of- ficial Washington says, is as compelling a moral issue as the fate of North Vietnamese who suffer from the bombing. WORLD ORDER The Johnson team no longer advances the domino theory un- diluted; there is no talk of one country after another falling to communism in South East Asia if America loses in Vietnam. But America's political allies in various countries would fall from power. If one asks: "Does it matter if they fall from power?' the answer is that at this state of history, when there is no agreed internationally enforced world am IU nneererer nate vn nat moms ges HE order, dominant great powers play an essential and important role, not exactly as global po- licemen but as centres of au- thority and influence from which emanates what order there is in the world. A domi- nant power would not be able to discharge its role if its parti- sans were defeated, if its sup- porters or agents no longer exercised authority. But does not the defence of America's big power prestige prolong the war in Vietnam, thereby slowing the thaw in Eu- rope and perpetuating China's hostility? Washington's answer is that the thaw in Europe does not depend on Vietnam, as events have shown; as for China's hostility, this, in Wash- ington's views, is due to the need the Chinese regime has for a foreign bogey. In fact, the Vietnam war has little effect outside Vietnam, Lyndon John- son's men believe. FDL MUL the memorial took 10 years to build on 250 acres of French territory ceded to Canada in perpetuity. (CP Photo) YEARS AGO 15 YEARS AGO March 30, 1952 Seventy-five new members were received at King Street United Church this morning, by Rev. Mervin A. Bury. Edward Drage, caretaker of St. George's Anglican Church for the past 35 years, was hon- ored by the congregation and presented with a gold watch. 30 YEARS AGO March 30, 1937 The student body of OCVI have organized into groups for the production of a Collegiate Magazine entitled "Acta Ludi', BIBLE ", , , they shall know that I am the Lord." Ezekiel 28:23 Gad has a way of making him- self known and heard. 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