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~ 14 THE OSHAWA TIMES, Wednesdey, Mey 27, 1964 _NEHRU -- THE PEASANT'S' NOBLEMAN ~ By The Associated Press Jawaharlal Nehru, founding pou of modern India, began a patrician but dedi- ® cated himself to the peasant. $ He scorned the ancient caste a system and mingled freely "with the people. » "I draw strength from see- * ing them and they seem to get © something from seeing me," ® he once said, « Wherever he went, thou- "sands gathered to hear him, even though in many parts of multi-lingual India there were few who understood. Nebru spoke only English, Urdu and Hindi, India's teeming millions adored Nehru, but to much of the rest of the warld he often was a controversial figure. Soviet Russia under Premier Joseph Stalin denounced him "as a "running dog of im- perialism"'. Many Western " statesmen accused him of be- ing soft toward, if indeed not loyal to, communism. "I am not against commu- < nism," he said on one occa- » sion, "I am not against cap- italism. The only thing is, I am for India and nobody else. " I am for the Indian people." KEPT COUNTRY NEUTRAL In the cold war that froze most of the nations of the globe into Communist and » anti-Communist camps, he * kept the largest democracy « neutral, or, as he preferred to - express it, "non-aligned". Within his country's borders, Nehru never hesitated to crack down on Communists. But in world affairs this self- styled "queer mixture of East and West" carefully steered India clear of any alliance against the Communist bloc. India's neutrality long was a source of friction between the Indian and United States governments. American ob- jections were directed not so ~ much at India's own neutral- ~ ity as at its efforts to recruit new neutrals from among » America's allies and line them Seervereenrre + 2skiae eens fereeerenees "up in a balance-of-power bloc headed™by India. When Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin and Com- munist leader Nikita Khrush- chev visited India in 1955, Nehru's government organized wild welcoming demonstra- , tions of such mass and frenzy as the country had never seen | before. HE BARRED ALLIANCE But at a state dinner just before his guests' departure, Nebru served notice on them not to expect their visit to JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 1889-1964 army is there against the wishes of the Hungarian people." It was sometime later, however, before he used the word "aggression" to de- scribe Russia's role in Hun- gary. On a visit to the United States late in 1956. Mehru defended India's neutrality in a speech to a_ nationwide television and radio andienca and offered _--sreassurances about his country's loyalty to the cause of democracy. Apparently replying to crit- icism that India was too close to the Soviet bloc, he said its policy flowed from a deter- mination to "maintain friend- ly "relations with all coun- tries."" He added that his nation, through centuries of dedica- tion to "tolerance and under- standing" had become "firm- ly wedded to the democratic way Of life, and in our loyalty to this cause we will not fal- ter." MET WITH EISENHOWER Nehru and President Dwight D. Eisenhower conferred on that visit and climaxed four days of talks by announcing a 'broad area of agreement" and 'greater understanding." Dipolmats of both countries hailed the ta'ks as possibly the beginning of a new Unit- ed States-India relationship. In the winter of 1959-60, both Eisenhower and Khrush- chev, who was now premier of the Soviet Union. visited New Delhi. Their nations had given liberal financial help to India, the United States hav- ing provided more than three billions and Russia about half a_ billion. India and China, which have a common border of 2,500 miles along the Himala- yas, were engaged in a sharp quarrel at this time. From the time China fell to communism in 1949, Nehru had admitted that the two great nations of Asia were "more or less" competing to show whether communism or democracy could bring the bvter wav of life. But he hoped the competi- tion would remain peaceful, and was~so honeful it would that he refused 'or years to acknowldege publicly that China was moving into terri- tory claimed by India. INDIANS KILLED IN FIGHT In 1959 the border quarrel flared into open fighting. A dozen Indians were killed. China refused to withdraw from 12,000 square mi'es of land claimed by India In the wave of anger that. 'swept over his country, Nehru's re- fusal to face up earlier to the Chinese threat brought the harshest criticism of his career, Nehru eventually took a firm stand with a warning that "'we will not bow to any- one who interferes with our national integrity but will face that threat with all our might," He won a resounding vote of confidence from. the Indian parliament, primarily because of his blunt words to Com- munist China, The change in attitude was dramatic for a man who had long dealt kind- ly with the Peiping regime. "I doubt if there is any country in the world today that cares less for peace than Red China," he declared. Relations with Red China were not helped by India's granting asylum to the Dalai Lama, 28-year-old god king of Tibet, who made a perilous escape from the Chinese Reds occupying ~his country. At that time a revolt against Red rule in Tibet was in progress, NEED FOR STRENGTH SEEN Nehru told parliament that India would build its strength while continuing to seek peaceful settlement of. the border dispute. Premier Chou En-lai of Red China and Nehru held inconclusive talks in New Delhi in the spring of 1960. Nehru, born to wealth and position, renounced those advantages to champion the cause of India freedom. His. effectiveness in that struggle was 'such that he was designated "political heir" to Mohandas K. Gandhi himself. When the Indian Un- ion. was born, he was the logical choice to be its first prime minister. This only son of a wealthy Brahmin, the very upper erust of India's caste-bound society, became one of the most popular leaders India ever produced. The adulta- tion he inspired from the Indian masses probably stem- med in part from the sacri- fices he made in order to throw all his energies into the independence movement EDUCATED IN ENGLAND He was educated in Eng- land at Harrow and Cam- bridge and studied law in London. When he returned to his native India in 1922, a suave, polished westerner, he was to all appearances more English than Indian, an_in- tellectual with only a vague interest in politics. His first exposure to the real India was a visit to a little village outside Allaha- bad in 1920. The young Nehru went with some other towns- people to investigate condi- tions among the villagers. eilman Ailing Indian Premier Dies Years later, he wrote that the visit changed his life: "T' was. filled with shame and sorrow -- shame at. my own. easy-going and comfort- able life and our petty poli- tics of the city which ignored this vast multitude of semi- naked sons and daughters of India, sorry at 'the degrada- tion and overwhelming. pdv- erty of India. "A new picture of India seemed to rise before me, naked starving, crushed and utterly miserable. And their faith in us casual visitors from the distant city embar- rassed me and filled me with a new responsibility that frightened me." Nehru gave up his life of ease to follow Gandhi in the latier's civil disobedience, campaign against the British | occupation. He rose steadily in power | and influence, becoming presi- dent of the All-India National Congress party and develop- ing an immense persona! fol- lowing. He became a thorn in | the side of the British govern- ment of India and was sen- tenved to several terms in prison. In all, he spent more than 12 years in jail. It was in prison that Nehru evolved his economic theories, and decided to advocate a merger of socialism -and na- tionalism. He believed in what he called "mixed economy" in which the state assumes man- agement of key industries but leaves ample scope for pri- vate enterprise. While Gandhi wanted India to return to its peasant system, Nehry sought to socialize the country poli- tically and industrially. This difference did not prevent their remaining staunch poli- tical allies and intimate friends. Nehru defied big business. He nationalized the nation's largest bank, all life insur- ance companies and airlines. All of it was part of his way of fighting India's bottom- less poverty. "DREAMER" A MAN OF Nehru was ACTION born Nov. 14, 1889, at Allahabad. After his Famous For Hosiery @iementary education in In- dian schools, his father took him to England for his college work. His close friends there described him 'fas a moody ascetic and a poetic dream- er". But the dreamer, on re- turning to his homeland, emerged as a man of action, An impressive orator, he swayed his audiences. As the fight for freedom pro- gressed, Nehru's participation involved his whole family. His father, who had disapproved of Ganditt in the beginning, jojned the Congress party stal- warts and contributed much of his personal fortune to the cause. : His mother was beaten in a disturbance. His wife, Kama- la, was once imprisoned. She died in 1936. His two sisters and his daughter also were jailed. ' The future prime minister himself usually was in the forefront of the demonstra- tions and campaigns the Con- gress party staged. He trav- elled about the country end- lessly between imprisonments. Once he covered 100,000 miles in 22 months, addressing meet- ings in all corners of India and making 150 speeches of India and making 150 speeches in one week alone. He gave up his law prac- tice to devote more time to politics. The start of World War Il in STOP traditional: AT Ancus-GRAYDON CARPET COMPANY | 282 King W., Oshawa @ Tel. 728-6254 Oshawa's Rug and Carpet Centre Broadloom-Tile-Linoleum Rug Cleaning 1939 was the beginning also of the climax of the struggle of the Indian nationalists. Congress party leaders had relented their boycott of Brit- ish rule to participate in pro- vincial elections and accept BOYS' CLOTHING 7 to 12 Years © Dress Pants ® Jeans ® Deck Pants © Jerseys ® Dress Shirts ® Sport Shirts ® Underwear ® Pyjamas ®@ Swim Suits YOUNG MODERNS OSHAWA 38 King St. E. @ OPEN 'TIL 9 P.M. FRIDAY @ provincial elections and i provincial government sot But they resigned in protest against the declaration.of war on India's behalf without con- sultation with the people or their leaders. ' | SOMETHING NEW YOUNG MODERNS Downtown Osh 'and Whitby Stores WHITBY 135 Brock St. S. We guarantee it. Canada's oldest and largest food club can trim your food costs. And you'll probably eat better than ever before. Read about the valuable benefits of this well-estab- lished Club that adds 250 new members every month. You can save at least *100 a year with Chambers Food Club. Our free illustrated booklet ex- plains all about these 15 valuable benefits, Here is one of them in more detail, Free Accident and Sickness Benefits We will deliver to your home $50 of food every month, up to 12 months, absolutely free if you are unable to work due to an accident. or sickness. swing India into the Com- munist fold. He conced at Russian-Indian friendship deep, but reiterated dete: ation to keep India from tak- ing sides in the cold war. "We are in no camp and no military . alliance," he said. | "The only camp we should 'like to be in is the camp of | "peace and ill . | Nehru's friendly attitude to- ward neighboring Russia and Red China, both of which he "visited, brought him strong criticism from the West. Returning in 1954 from a 10- eday visit to Red China, the Indian leader said he had come to "believe the people | of China are anxious to have peace and avoid war." He added that he was impressed with the hopes for peace ex- pressed by the Chinese lead- | ers. (Five years later, however, shis friendship with Red China soured when Communist troops seized 12,000 square 'miles of border territory and claimed 40,000 square miles "more that India regarded as hers. Nehru told parliament | that India would try to prevent | war, but, if necessary, "'we | "shall fight'"'.) WELCOMED IN SOVIET When he went to Soviet Russia in 1955, he was given "an uproarious welcome, with cheering throngs, barrages of flowers and soaring peace doves, He and Premier Bulganin published a joint declaration calling for peaceful surrender by the Western-allied Chinese Nationalists of Formosa to the Chinese Communists. The declaration also urged seating of Red Ching in the Unted Nations. In the spring of 1954, when France was engaged in a last- ditch struggle with Commu- nists in French Indochina, the United States Air Force fer- 'ried some French paratroop- ers there from France for later dropping of the besieged fortress of Dien Bien Phu Nehru forbade the planes to fly over India, and as a result they had to detour a distance of 1,861 miles. Several United States Sena- tors denounced Nehru for his action and there were threats to halt or reduce economic aid to India. Senator Homer Fer- guson of Michigan accused the Prime Minister of "at least | giving aid and comfort to the Communist world", | SOVIET DREW NEHRU FIRE Nehru condemned -- though a little belatedly -- the Soviet use of force to stamp out the | Hungarian nationalist revolt in 'we fall of 1956. His criticism, | aclivered to parliament, was iting. Rejecting a Communist argument that Soviet troops were in Hungary under the Wagsaw Pact, he said: 4 fact -is that the Soviet WOMEN SHOP" SMART From Coast-To-Coast "WHERE we sell For we gown the pes frozen are yo for us cacao. A "And, Tike our other foods, have to pass government in- spection. Members say they are the sweetest tasting peas they have ever eaten. Of course, we also handle many of the national brands you are now buying. We sell only Red and Blue brand beef. And all our meats and poultry pass Federal Government inspection. You can buy toiletries and drug supplies, too. 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