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14 THE DAILY TIMES-GAZETTE, Thursday, July 17, 1958 Tons Of Manure Going To Waste In Ontario By E. H. Garrard Professor of Bacteriology Each year in Ontario tons of straw, leaves, or plant residues are burned or wasted when they could be turned into excellent arti- ficial manures or composts by a relatively simple process. It is possible for the general farmer, market or city gardener to furnish himself with such material at little «ost, The production of artificial .manure from straw of leaves is particularly important at the pres- ent time in view of the increasing scarcity of stable manure, espe- cially in urban areas, and when there is a definite lack of organic matter in certain soils. The manufacture of artificial manures is dependent upon the 'action of various micro-organisms, such as bacteria, molds and actinomycetes. These micro-organ- isms normally are present in large numbers on straw, leaves and other vegetable matter. Under suitable conditions they rapidly multiply and are able to break down complex plant tissues by a process of fermentation and decay. Chief among the conditions neces- sary for their action are moisture, oxygen and food. Therefore, the production of artificial manure is simply a matter of arranging the material in such.a fashion that the micro-organisms are assured of these conditions, and thus in turn are able to break down the vege- table refuse into manurial form. A type of artificial manure re- sembling stable manure, may be made from any form of straw, leaves or other refuse. The mater- ial is built into a pile in layers, each layer is well watered and is then sprinkled with a fertilizer or chemical mixture. Different mix- tures have been advocated slightly in composition. Such a mixture is composed of 60 pounds of ammon- ium sulfate, 60 pounds of lime and 30 pounds of superphosphate ap- plied to each ton of air dried material. If not available, a high grade fertilizer with the addition of lime can be applied instead, at the rate of 250 pounds per ton of material. The process is repeated with each layer until the pile is from 4 to 6 feet in height. When finished the top should be dished to catch the rainfall, The pile should be reforked and turned in approximately one month's time and if possible, sev- eral times thereafter. Also, fre- quent watering is essential. Under such conditions. a suitable manure may be produced in three to four months' time. When conditions are such that frequent watering is not possible, or the rainfall has not been sufficient, the process will take considerably longer, and it may be necessary to leave 'the pile for 10 or more months, Water has a tendency to run off fresh straw, but is readily absorbed as the pile decomposes. Artificial manures produced under ideal con- ditions have been shown to benefit crop growth equally as well as stable manure. Whereas many tons of artificial manures can be produced from straw and leaves, almost any form of plant refuse can be composted on a smaller scale into valuable organic matter. Such materials as leaves, weeds, vegetables, grass clippings, sod, peelings, rind and other garbage or refuse can be broken down by micro-organisms. Every gardener can utilize such waste products with a minimum of labor and expense, thus supply- ing himself with a rich source of artificial manure, There are many different ways of making compost beds or heaps, depending' upon the materials available and the method prefer- red. Beds can be composed of alternate layers of sod and ma- nure, or if manure is not available, layers can be built up of lank refuse and soil, peat or muck. Also, satisfactory beds can be made without soil or manure. Whichever method is adopted the fundamental principles of supply- ing the micro-organisms with food, moisture and oxygen must be adhered to. # For the garden where manure is not available, the following method has been found to be satis- factory. A pit, varying in size from 6-8 feet wide, and 10 to 12 feet in iis ready to apply to the land. length is dug down to the subsoil. A layer of leaves, sod, weeds other vegetable matter is built 3 in the pit to a height of appro | mately 6 in. and is packed lightly. The layer is thoroughly wajerqd after which a light applicati ot | good fertilizer mixture with lim is added. The addition of wood ashes is also advantageous. This is followed by a layer of good top- soil an inch or two in depth. Suc- ceeding layers are built up in the same way until a pile 4 to 5 feet in height is formed. The pile should taper toward the top and the top should be dished to prevent run off of .water. In case the pile has been packed too tightly, several holes should be made with a crow bar to allow the entrance of air into the centre of the heap. If the pile is situated in an exposed area, it should be covered with a mulch of straw or Stier material to prevent drying out. The pile must be kept moist but not soggy. After three weeks or a month, the pile should be forked or turned in such a way that the outside portions are incorporated in the centre. The pile can be turned several times to advantage. Best results are obtained if two piles in rotation are constructed, one completed and undergoing fer- mentation and the other in the process of being constructed as refuse is collected. It is not wise to include weeds that have gone to seed, or diseased plant refuse in the pile. Tempera- tures in the centre are presumed to be high enough to kill seeds | and plant pathogens, but unless | the pile is systematically forked or turned, it is doubtful whether temperatures toward the outside of the head are sufficiently high enough for that purpose. Compost beds that have been properly constructed and frequent- ly watered may be ready in 3 to 4 months, especially if the weather has been warm. Where cool tem- peratures prevail and watering infrequent, it may be several months longer before the compost Early Glidden Tours Helped Prove Autos WASHINGTON, D.C. Many modern motorists have never changed a tire. Some have never even raised the hoods on their auto- mobiles. It isn't necessary. The service station attendant does it. It was not always thus, says the National Georgraphic Society. In the early days of the automobile it was necessary for the driver to be able not only to change a tire but to take it from the rim and patch the tube, then pump up the tire and put it back. Wearing his duster, he hours under the hood. He had to know how to clean and change spark plugs and ignition points, how to blow out his gas lines, and how to make innumerable other repairs with baling wire and other such makeshift materials. Among the early devices to prove the reliability of the automo- bile, and to test improvements, were the Glidden Tours, sponsored spent | with by Charles J. Glidden, Boston in- dustrialist and one-time associate of Alexander Graham Bell, the in- ventor of the telephone, MODERN REVIVALS Glidden tours were not speed races as were the early Vander- bilt Cup and other contests. Rather, they involved stock automobiles and teams of cars entered by own- ers, manufacturers, and other in- terested parties. Emphasis was placed on ability of entiries to fin- ish specified cross-country trips 8 minimum of repairs and wear on the drivers. The tours have been revived in recent years by early-automobile enthusiasts. But she revivals, while run with antique vehicles, can never be the same as the originals, run from 1905 through 1913, with the exception of 1912. The carefully restored old cars of this year's tours to Washington from such widely separated cities as Chicago, Detroit, and Boston will travel over roads designed for modern traffic with speed limits far beyond the capabilities of most of the machines. MANY ABANDONED MAKES In the 1905-13 Glidden tours many roads were little more than rutted cowpaths. Broken springs and axles were ordinary hazards, and tire trouble was so commonplace that it was considered a routine annoyance. The modern -contest- ants travel on tires mounted on the same narrow rims as the early entires, but like new first-run tires except for size and tread designs. Thus the modern Glidden tourist | can travel with little fear of having to get out the tire irons and the hot or cold patches and blowout | shoes, Both the early contests and the | revivals involved the names of | many automobiles no longer manu- factured, as well as some still re-| presented' in dealers' showrooms. | Among the better-known early cars | were such as the Pierce-Arrow, Locomobile, Maxwell, Chalmers, | Stanley and - White steamers, EMF. simplex. 7~-klin, Mercy er, Marmon, and Stuts. FOR GREAT SAVINGS -- TERRIFIC VALUES SHOP DEPARTMENT AT - STORE Suss-Mans_Ladies' Wear give you low, low prices 'on your summer clothing. Come in today. You can "CHARGE IT" at Suss-Mans Women's SUITS AVAILABLE | LOOK at These PRICES! $9.00, $12.98, $14.98, $19.98 IN ALL THE NEW SPRING AND SUMMER LARGE STOCK TO GIVE YOU A VARIED SELECTION. ALL SIZES SHADES, -=--Om®»O MO ITO SHORTIES All the new shades and materials. Reg. values to $29.00. All sizes. $10.98 - $16.98 Corduroy Jackets All colors. 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