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BY MARC J. PARSONS FLUSHING MEADOWS, N.Y, ov. 23--The interpreters of the world are about to unite, The 50 to 75 men and women skilled enough to handle the com- plicated translating work at in- , ternational conferences plan to form the International Institute of Interpreters, probably within the next month, according to Jean Herbert, chief of the "con- "secutive interpreters" at the Gen- eral Assembly. . The new organization has noth- ing to do with the United Na- tlons, Herbert explains. But the 'meetings here and at Lake Suc- cess have resulted in a larger gathering of the clan than usual, making organizational work eas- fer. And salaries have nothing to do with the new organization, eith- er. Pay ranges from $2,690 to '$8,200 a year; since this is in- come-tax free, it's worth rough- ly from $3,000 to $10,000. In ad- dition, most interpreters get liv- ing allowances 'of $4 to $10 a day, and some on a temporary basis are paid as much as % a day. Travel eéxpenses are id for those who come from abroad. These interpreters, some of whom have spent most of their adult lives travelling from one international gathering to anoth- er and others who are seeing their first big conference, are in- terested primarily in establishing and assuring the high profes- sional standards required for in- terpreting the words of the world's top diplomats. Cardinal sin among interpre- ters is the injecting of personal pias into a translation; one such instance of this will result in immediate dismissal from the Institute, Herbert says. "We intend to guarantee that our members will be free from all bias. We will offer the Insti- Tower of Babel ONE OF FEW U.S.-born inter- preters in the assembled clan of translators at United Nations headquarters is Henry Hammond of Cleveland, shown above in action. An ex-soldier, he lived 10 years in France. tute's guarantee of the integrity of our people." Right now there is a serious shortage of qualified interpreters because of all the international goings-on here and abroad, and Herbert says that.there are no' really more than 50 top men available for the most highly skilled branch of the profession --'"consecutive interpretation." A consecutive interpreter is PART OF THE battery of "simultaneous interpreters" is shown above waiting for a speech to begin in a General Assembly committee session, while Col. L. E. Dostert checks the multi-lingual lineup. Booths shown here (left to right) are Chinese, Spanish, Russian and French. Interpreters of World Will Unite to Assure Absence of Translator's Cardinal Sin--Bias VV Ui hh one who listens to a speaker and translates his remarks into an- other language the moment the speaker finishes, Besides a com- plete command -of both languag- es used, such interpreters must have a prodigious memory (they take only the briefest notes), ability as public speakers, and-- what interpreters generally con- sider the most important asset-- an extremely wide cultural back- ground which enables them to catch all the fine nuances of meaning in even highly technical subjects, Depending upon conference rules, a consecutive interpreter may be required to condense all speeches by one-third, or to trans- late them almost verbatim. On a speech lasting half an hour or longer this requires quite a bit of mental agility. Simultaneous interpretation got its biggest international boost at the Nuernberg War Crimes Trials and is getting a thorough test at Lake Success. If the dele- gates are as enthusiastic about it as Col. L. E. Dostert, who is organizing UN's first 20-man team of simultaneous interpre- ters, it probably will be adopted for most conference sessions. This form of interpretation runs concurrent with every speech, The speaker's words are picked up by a microphone and immediately translated, sentence by sentence, into four other lan- guages. Any listener can hear the original or any one of the other four simply by wearing a set of earphones and turning a key to the one he wants--French, Span- ish, English, Russian or Chinese. Big objection among diplomas to this form of translating is that it' doesn't allow the speaker to listen to the interpretation. Most diplomats speak at least one oth- er language beside their own and occasionally catch misinterpreta- tions, Gremyko objected to the An Education in Democracy kh & Kk * * * & & & * pm * Kk hk hk kk *x Youth In British Isles Has Own "Parliaments" The scene is the council cham- ber of a medium-sized town, one- and-a-half hours journey by rail from London. But sitting at the council table, instead of worthy councillors, are some boys and pls between the ages of 16 and » "Whe wtole hall is full of young 'people and in front of the chairman is a notice bearing the following legend: MEETING OF YOUTH PARLIAMENT AGENDA 1, Reading of the minutes of the last meeting. 2. Election of members of youth committee, 3. Young Peoples' Paper. 4. Establishment of contacts with the youtn ot other countries. 5. Debate on the motion: "Is the continued existence of the Lib- eral Party necessary to our democratic system?" 6. General business, The debates are conducted .in that mixture of passionate con- viction and calm "matter-of-fact- ness" only to be found among the youth of Britain. The 17-year-old chairman's authority is unques- tioned, and arguments for and against the motion introduced and resolutions passed with an innate sense of discipline, the result of a democratic tradition that Is bred in the bone. What is the youth parliament? It is a purely local body compos- ed of delegates from adjacent Half Million See Great Exhibition The "Britain Can Make It" ex- hibition is to remain open until the end' of the year, This was announced by Sir Stafford Cripps, ident of the United Kingdom rd of Trade, Well over 500, 000 people have already visited the exhibition, including thous- ands of overseas buyers who have been greatly impressed by Unit- ed Kingdom industry's ability to stage such a display so soon after the war. According to an offi- cial of the United Kingdom Coun-" cil of Industrial Design (respone sible for arranging the exhibi- tion) "the reaction of overseas buyers has been overwhelmingly friendly, and the general opin- jon is that the presentation sets a new standard in exhibition de- sign." The manufacturers who are displaying goods have al- ready received large export or- ders. Among the exhibits which have been highly praised by ov. érseas buyers are pottery, glass.' ware, textiles, 'kitchen equip ment, and toys, especially the precision toys which are the cétime product of a United . Kingdom war industry. The sus- tained ularity of "Britain Can Make It" has been acclaimed as ev 'of the striking sucess of the twofold policy behind it; first to show the world what industry can achieve in §, and second fo em- he value of good de- {0 thé manufacturer customer. youth organizations. Boy Scouts, the Junior Red Cross, religious associations for young people, cycling clubs and other youth or- ganizations elect their delegates in proportion to their numerical strength--nobody under 14 andy nobody over the age of 20, an they assemble every month for a meeting of the youth parlia- ment to.discuss questions of in- terest to young people. And as there is hardly any question which does not interest youth, it is not difficult. to imagine how lively and varied in incident and subject matter these meetings are. Grown-ups are not, as a matter of general principle, ad- mitted to the debates, except as occasional guests of honor. In this capacity, the home secretary, Mr. Chuter Ede, attended one of the most recent meetings of the Southend Youth parliament as the sole adult, and took part in a debate which was at least as spirited as the meetings of the House of Commons in West- minster. In stating the aims of the youth parliament, the following objects were, among others set forth: / 1, The stimulating of active in- terest in all local and national questions. 2. The drawing together in a common bond of all members of the community irrespective of belief and nationality. 3. Amity among young people so that all future agreements and treaties may be sincere. 4. The prevention of future wars and the safeguarding of a just and lasting peace as a sacred task of youth. . The local education authorities have placed a special secretariat at the disposal of the youth par- liament and encourage its activ- ity wherever possible, As an instance of this, the youth dele- gates, by a resolution passed at one of their recent meetings, gave expression to the idea that, in order to raise the moral standard among young people, it was necessary to combat ignorance on questions relating to sex, and the local education authority imme- diately introduced at once eve- ning classes on health and sex questions for boys and girls over the age of 16. This close co-operation between young people and the education- al authorities is typical of the spirit in which what is perhaps the most important scholastic re- form is being carried out. Democracy is a living force which is constantly replenishing its vigor from the youth of the country, and in Britain today, it seems as if both the teaching pro- fession and those of whom they have charge are equal to the great task of creating the world's most progressive educational sys- tem, ® Alexandra Palace Contrasts wm Nearly everyone visiting Alex- andra Palace, London, finds the contrast between the outside and inside of the building striking. Alexandra Palace was built in 1874, and since its opening a year later it has been a famous Lon- don pleasure ground, a bank holiday meeting place for 'Arry and 'Arriet. The building itself is already a period piece. Tower- ed and turretted, it stands in its yellow-brick Victorian magnifi- cence on a hill high above North London, an enormous building like a reunion of several old- fashioned seaside Grand Hotels. A weird modernistic aerial strikes a false noté. Around it are the pleasure grounds, green swards, a lake, a race course, tennis and putting lawns, which at holiday times are thronged with London family parties. It has an air of faded glory, a dusty, neglected look. One thinks of an elderly Gibson Girl living in reduced cir- cumstances, Inside one seems to step into Wells' new world. The studio looks like a film studio, with something quite new added. The studio is large, but always crowd- ed. The visitor carefully picks his way over coils of cable writh- ing on the floor. Glaring lights concentrate on a part of the studio where an actress is non- chalant]y reading a newspaper in what appears to be'an old Eng- lish inn, Round her queer-look- AVS EEL ANEOR. IDEA" ing cameras mounted on rubber- tyred wheels and manned by in- tent cameramen, advance and re- treat. The studio-manager, with earphones on his head, grovels on the floor, studying an angle-shot. A man in shirt-sleeves sema- phores directions about the lights to another perched on a cross- beam above the studio. For no apparent reason a man climbs up and down a ladder in the back- ground, a girl sits at a piano but doesn't play, and others come and go, exchange agitated whispers, or stand about aimlessly with sheaves of typescript in their hands. Above them all, behind a glass window high up in the wall, sits the. producer keeping an eye on two screens, one showing the picture being screened and the other the picture next to go out. Somehow he also watches the studio' scene below him and ranges over various dials and knobs in front of him. If he had a third eye it would be fully oc- cupied. To a stranger it is rather a terrifying. scene. Something seems bound to go wrong in such organized confusion, but if it does it is usually the stranger wh does 't, tripping over a cable ~ falling heavily onto a fragile part of the old English inn, To emerge from the studios onto the gravelled ' terraces of Alexandra Palace is like stepping backwards in NstorY. conn! ts should not Lo TR By Robert Lucas 2 EGYPTIAN GIRL above is Huguette Coffer, translating words of a Saudi Arabian prince into English and French for the General Assembly. She comes from Cairo, studied at U.S. col- leges. translated version of one of his speeches at a Security Council session. The third class of translators are "whispering interpreters" who sit close to a given delegate and whisper a translation to him, usually in a language not classed as one .of the conference "work- ing" languages, Interpreters usually handle only two languages, although most: are qualified in one more and sometimes several additional ones, Few interpreters are U.S. born--one such is Henry Ham- mond, a 24-year-old ex-soldier from Cleveland who has lived more than 10 years in France. Several are naturalized U, S, citizens. Of the simultaneous in- terpreters at Lake Success, four are stateless persons, but this per cent reportedly is unusually high for a group that size. One inter- preter was called in from Japan where he had been on the staff of the Supreme Commander; sev- eral were at Nuernberg, and some still are en route from the Paris Peace Conference. There is still at least one job open--translating Russian into Chinese. * Installing Atom Splitting Machine * A new atom splitting machine, weighing about 1,000 tons, is be- ing installed at Birmingham Uni= versity, England. This was reveal- ed by Professor M. L. Oliphant, United Kingdom atom expert who is Professor of Physics at Birmingham, Mr. Oliphant stat- ed that the new apparatus will have a magnet 30 feet in diam- eter, "We hope it will attain en- ergies of thousands of million volts," he said. This enormous en- ergy is required to solve such problems as that of discovering the nature of the "glue" which holds together the nucleus of the atom, The new machine is not a larger cyclotron or a betatron (two types of apparatus for ate omie research), Mr. Oliphant ex- plained that it is different be- cause in it atomic particles will be made to move continuously in a circle thirty feet in diamet- er, gaining energy as they do so. * Bucket Of Money Surprises Clerk * Strange things happen at post officé counters. One of the stran- gest was when an old farmer a bucket full of money over the counter with the re- mark that there was a thousand pounds ($4,000) "for the Bank and National Savings." The somewhat dazed clerk, more used to bags than buckets as money containers, counted the money and found only £900 ($3,600). The farmer asserted that he had counted the money only that morning, and he was sure it was £1,000 ($4,000), The clerk made another count and still it was only £900. The farmer then had a brain wave: "The wife has giv- en me the wrong bucket." ® New Gas Turbine Unit Passes Test * The first experimental gas tur bine unit built by Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company, of Wallsend, England, has passed its tests with complete success. This was stated at the company's an- nual general meeting. Work was started on this unit some years ago, but owing to the prior claims of war-work and material short- ages, progress has been inter- mittent. The company is now assisting In the construction of a marine gas turbine of lar power. (The existing unit is de- signed to develop 500 h.p. at 6,000 r.p.m.). IrnN4d THE DAILY PIMES-GAZITLE ~~ Wonderful Auto Makers Enlist Planes, Ships, Invention LONDON, Nov, 23--Britain is building a mechanical "brain" machine which will be the most remarkable of its kind in the world, Experts of the National Physi- cal boratory at Teddington, England, who are responsible for the invention and construction of this machine, say that it*will solve in a few seconds problems which it would take a team of mathematicians years to work out. This automatic brain, which is called the "Ace" (automgtic computing engine), will be able to cope by itself with all the abstruse problems for which it is designed. It will, for instance, be able to tackle simultaneous equations with 50 or 200 un- knowns. The potenttalities of the Ace are most clearly seen by com- parison with the Eniac (electron- ie numerical integrator and com- putor), the amazing new U.S. "Brain" machine. By means of an exhaustive library of prefabricated instruc- tions contained on specially pun- ched cards, the United Kingdom machine will also be able to deal with more complex instructions. The organization of these pre- fabricated instructions will ob- viate the laborious system of plugs and switches employed in Eniac, and it is here that the sci- entists of the mathematics divi- sion of the National Physical Laboratory feel that they have made an important new contri- bution, The instructions may take a couple of minutes compared to couple of hours on Eniac. The numbers are represented by a series of ones and noughts, and answers will be given in the decimal system, The machine will multiply two 10 figure numbers in two-thousandths of a second. Typical problems on which it will be possible to employ the Ace are: the construction of range tables involving the calcu- lation of trajectories by small arcs for various different muzzle velocities and quadrant eleva- tions, the calculations of radia- tion from the open end of a rec- tangular wave guide, and the finding of the potential distribu- tion outside a charged conduct- ing cube. The Ace will cost in the region of $400,000 to $500,000. The Na- tional Physical Laboratory con- siders it unlikely that other sim- ilar machines will ever be made, since so great is the speed at which it will work that this one machine by itself will be able to cope with all the exceedingly abstruse problems for which it is designed. Furthermore, the Un- ited Kingdom scientists expect that further advances will prob- ably enable them to produce ma- chines designed to do even more than the Ace. It will take two or three years to build. Leading the team working on the new "Brain" are Sir Charles Darwin, Dr, Turing (who con- ceived the idea of the Ace) Dr. Womersley and Professor Har- tree, * ] Library Extension Is Opened By King * The new $4,000,000 extension to Oxford University's Bodleian library has just recently been opened by His Majesty the King, The extension has been im use since its completion in 1940, but war postponed its official opening for six years. Among the oldest libraries in existence the Bodleian library, with its 1,500,000 vol- umes, rivals the world's finest. Throughout the years noted treasures have come into the pos- session of the Bodleian, such as the original copy of the First Folio of Shakespeare acquired in 1623, the Shelley collection, an Egyptian boy's letter of the sec- ond or third century, a second confirmation of Magna Carta (1217), the Bay Psalm Book, Chanson de Roland (12th century), and numerous other ancient vol- umes. * The library also houses coin collections, drawings, models of old buildings, autographs and paintings, * Distribute New Highway Code The house-to-house distribution of the new Highway Code has begun in Britain, Deliveries are being made through the Post Office, commencing in London and one or two of the larger provincial towns. The large number of copies needed exceeds 14,000,000. The Code is issued by Britain's Ministry of Transport with the approval of Parliament. It sets a standard of road con- duct to which every road user-- the pedestrian and cyclist as well as the motorist--is asked to con- form in the interests of the safety of all. * * Speaking Clock To Be Overhauled The "Speaking Clock" which has been in use in London for 10 years, and now supplies the time by telephone to 50,000 call- ers a week in the London area alone, is due for an overhaul. It is proposed, when staff is avail- able, to examine each part of the mechanism and to replace any worn parts. While it is hav- ing its "wash and brush up" an- nouncements to the whole of the country will be supplied by the duplicate installation in Liver- pool, * , Even Taxis to Fight Parts Shortag -- # AGAINST A BACKGROUND of engine blocks the auto industry is giving a big boost parts, to air freight to speed the movement of critically short items like those being loaded into the plane at left. While cylinder blocks wait for parts, engineless bodies at right wait for steel for fenders and hoods. DETROIT, Nov, 23.--A sleepy truck driver in Illinois forced the closing of one of the nation's biggest automobile plants. A riot in Bombay, India, could have done the same thing. The automobile industry, working on the narrowest of in- ventories because of critical shortages in all fields, has been forced to resort to every con- ceivable type of transportation to move vital parts from one plant to another, to redesign parts and engineering operations, and s« to search the world for substitutes, The sleepy truck driver was hauling parts from one Fisher Body plant to another. His 16- hour nap let the receiving plant production line dry up--another delay in the delivery of new au- tomobiles. The Bombay riots interfered with shipment of bur- lap; manufacturers have been forced to buy a Mexican substi- tute at twice the cost. A supplier who manufactured the small arm supporting the luggage compartment lid for General Motors couldn't get steel. Fisher Body division ob- tained the steel for him. Then th2 supplier informed them he had no rivets; the raw stock for these was located. Finally he said he needed washers. Fisher had to find additional steel for the washer manufacturer and find still another company to cut the sheet steel to needed size so the washer company could sup- ply the supplier who supplied Fisher. Auto makers have used planes, trucks, ships, and even taxicabs to keep their plants operating. One company set up a relay of "pony express" trucks which passed a trailer-load of parts from one truck and driver to an- other to speed the load to its destination. Three taxjcabs in Ionia, Mich., saved an Atlanta, Ga., body plant from a shut down. The cabs rushed upholstering mater- ial from Ionia to Grand Rapids where it was transferred to a waiting plane and alr-expressed to Atlanta. Redesigning parts and opera- tions has helped to eliminate some of the materials in short supply but has increased produc- tion costs considerably. One firm retooled to build a special bracket for wooden bumpers when metal bumpers kecame unavailable, The cost of the retooling, lumber, installa- tion and later replacement of the wooden bumpers by metal ones added $20 to the cost of each car, Because of a cotton fabric shortage, another company was forced to substitute more expen- sive imitation leather. One company started using a synthet- ie rubber weather-stripping ma- terial. then had to have its re- search department find a new type of glue to make the synthet- ic rubber hold properly. Most of the shortages are the result of strikes, many of them in the thousands of small sup- plier plants that help feed the big automobile production lines, In normal times, reserve stocks would be available to fill the gap but these have been depleted by war drains. Production has been reduged to a day-to-day, some- times even an hour-to-hour, basis More Women Doctors In Britain x Fk hk Kk Kk * kk hk * kk * kk * hk Kk * ENTRY TO MEDICAL SCHOOLS HAS BEEN FACILITATED 8 [ More women than ever are tak- ing up medicine as a career in Britain, Recent figures publish- ed in the British Medical Journal, organ of the British Medical As- sociation, show that in the new session just started there are about 500 places available to wo- men students at the various medi- cal schools attached to English, Scottish and Welsh hospitals. This number does not take into account very many more who seek' admission to these schools, nor does it include close on 500 students at the London School of Medicine for Women, Competi- tion for entry there, is so keen that an entrance examination has to be held and many are dis- appointed. There are now 6,000 women doctors on the British Medical Register, an enormous increase on the two who alone had won this recognition in 1874 after years of struggle against medi- cal bodies prejudiced against the admission of women to the pro- feksion, One of the two women first recognized was Elizabeth Black- well, an Englishwoman by birth but brought up abroad, who qual- ified M.D. at the University of Geneva, New York State in 1849. She was the first woman to have her name recorded in the first Medical Register published. The other, and real pioneer in Britain of medicine for women, * * Greater Output Of Instruments * * At the last pre-war British In- dustries Fair, in 1939, 31 firms exhibited scientific instruments, occupying an area of 6,029 sq. ft. Meanwhile, in Britain, very great developments have taken place in this industry and three times as many applications have come to hand for the British Industries Fair to be held in May 1947. An area three times as great as in 1939 has accordingly been requisitioned for the pur- pose. Up to the beginning of October, 100 manufacturers of scientific instruments had ap- plied for 19,885 square feet of space. Plan To Revive Royal Show In '47 * * One of Britain's most famous displays of farm stock; produce and appliances, known as "The Royal Show," because it is run by the Royal Agricultural So- ciety of 'England, is to be. held for the first time since the war next year, on a site of 100 acres at Lincoln, in England's eastern counties. The last Royal Show was the centennary exhibition held in 1939 By L. E. Sessel was Elizabeth Garrett, later Mrs, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who is widely known for her lifelong services in this connection. She was the great fighter and cam- paigner in the movement which spread from England to every civilized country. When in 1860, at the age of 24, Miss Garrett resolved to take up medicine--a practically un- heard-of thing in those days-- sge found her path strewn with difficulties. The medical schools refused to accept ®r as a stud- ens. Only by an iron determina- tion did she eventually succted in overcoming barriers and win- ning through. She obtained a lic- ense to practise in 1865--there was never a question as to her capabilities--from the Society of Apothecaries, a City of London company established in 1617, though subsequently. the Society laid down a difficult condition which debarred further women applicants. Elizabeth Garrett An- derson obtained the M.D. of Paris in 1870. Meanwhile other women, some of whom were to figure promin- ently in their profession at a later date, decided to fit them- selves for a medical career. Their difficulties were hardly less than Mrs. Anderson's had been. They banded together and went to Edinburgh, then as now a great medical training centre, where they found themselves exposed to hostile demonstrations by the University male students and oth- ers. But the women attained their goal in due course. - Along with influential male sympathizers, they resolved to fight opposition by the creation of a compiete school of medicine for women. That was the begin- ning of the London School of Medicine for Women, now occu- pying extensive buildings in Bloomsbury. It was founded in 1874 by Miss Sophia Jex-Blake, who was head and mouthpiece of the little Edinburgh band, with the support and firm backing of that little party and the cordial assistance of Mrs. Anderson. The school started its teaching classes with 14 students. Compare that with its 500 students today. Of the 6,000 women now on the Medical Register about 2,000 have been educated at the school. At first no hospital would pro- vide clinical instruction for .the school's students, and no qualify- ing body would admit them to examinations, But in 1877 the school came to an agreement with the Royal Free Hospital in its neighborhood, under which the necessary hospital practice was provided, In the same year the University of London opened all its medical degrees and hon- ors to worper £ xien Wms, in fact, the first Cniversity in the United Kingdom to admit women as candidates for degrees of any description. There Lave been many notable women doctors in all countries since they first appeared on the scene, and many of them fill im- portant posts. At the present time in England examples are furnish- ed by Professor Ida Mann in oph- thalmology at Oxford University, Professor Hilda Lloyd at Birm- ingham University in obstetrics and gynaecology, and Professor Dorothy Russell at the great London hospital in pathology. And there are many others. Hospitals wholly manned ty women followed in the wake of Dr. Elizabeth Garrett's activities. Her daughter, Dr. Louisa Gar- rett Anderson, followed in her footsteps. Among these hospitals in London is one bearing the mother's name; she was associat- ed with it from the start of her career, Another bearing a famous name and also staffed by women is the Marie Currie Hospital at Hampstead, wnich treats cancer and allied diseases by radium and X-ray treatment. The moment has arrived when the doors of the medical schools --some, though not all, of which have admitted a proportion of women--are to be thrown open more widely, About three years ago a goyernment committee came down strongly on the side of co-education, holding it should be the practice in every medical school. It even recommended that Exchequer grants should be con- ditional on the schools admitting one-fifth of women students in the total received, The Senate of the University of London, through a committee of investi- gation, endorsed this view re- garding co-education. It has been adopted and will come into oper- ation in 1947. It is indeed a curious turn of the wheel that will result; for men students will attend the women's own school of medicine, which owes its existence to the difficulties thrown into its stud- ents' path some 70 years ago. "Largest Suspension Bridge X Details were published recently by. the Ministry of Transport 'of a proposed new road bridge over the mouth of the Severn--Bris tain's largest river. 'W tre span of 3,000 feet over the navigable waterway and two side spans of about 1,000 feet each the Severn bridge will be the largest suspension bridge in Eur< ope and will exceed the span of Oakland bridge, Seam Francisco, With a cen- by 700 feet though coming 1 feet short of the Golden Gate bridge, San Francisco. The total span across the ern will exceed by a feet the span of the great