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By Professor R. Bragato, Late Lecturer in Agriculturâ€" al Subjects in Victoria, Australia and New Zealand *n their growth developaent and @ruition. the fruit trees demand lange quantities of carbon, oxygen, bydroâ€" gen, uitrogen, phosphorous, lime and witlly necessary for the trees . as| food and _ water are necessary . for human beings, and it is lmnuv-‘ that the grower should . study _ the needs of trees in the direction of food, and se ‘that it is supplied with sufficioncy. | Of the above mentioned etements | it is necessar, for the grower m| wupply the tree with carbon, as this element exists in the atmosphere in the form of carbonicâ€"acid gas, and it is supplied as the tissues of the treo by the function of â€" its leaves. ‘The tree obtains its oxygen and hyâ€" drogen from the water in the soil and atmospbere, and as . these . subâ€" wtances are usualiy supplied in abun «ance, the provision of theso two elomenta (hydrogen _ and . oxygen) need : crouble the grower excopt in 1 dry spells, when young With ‘regard o the remaining eleâ€" ments, nitrogen, potash, phosphorous, Ynie, the case is different These food substances ate extracted . from . the woil of the orchard in large quanti« ties by the trees; every season when th feuit_trees are in full bearlng tons of fruit are produced, and even targer _ quantitics of wood, leaves, are grown and cut away. It must be obvious to the reader that some reâ€" turn must be made to the soll of trees In _ the . nursery or orehard would benefit by watering or irrigâ€" those . elements which are assimilâ€" lated by the trees in the . bearlog of. fruit, wood, leaves, ete., and . the loss substained by the soll._ through this continual drain, year after year, upon it, supplies of plant food, must he replaced, otherwise the soll avill hecome improverished ‘and trees Inck ing a aufficiency of essential food, will through starvation become weak sickly and unfruitful, It therefore be comes the imperative duty of the Thegse chemical elements are grower to pay serlous attention to this question of _ replacing _ those nutritive ~lements . extracted _ from the soil by the trees,. and what is more, to return them. in such quanâ€" titles as to keep the soil constantly wupphied with theso elements, and in the proper porportion necessary for the health and vigor of the tree. Care must be taken to make . sure that they are administered in such a_ form! as to be casily assimilated by the roots of the plant. Manuring is a matter in which the wgrower must be guided by the needs of the soil, the system of training wdapted and the vigor of the tree cultivated; and he must carefully study two questions: Which are the ewhatances most nceded and bow can they be applicd in the mogt efficient and economical manner, For instance take as a sample the wineysird. It has been calculated that every season the fruit, leaves, shoots etc. of the vine deprive the soil of the vineyard of from 80 Ybe. to . 90 Ws. of potash; from 48 Ibs. to . 64 be. of nitragen; from 32 Ws. to 40 Ww. of phosphoric acid per acre. ‘The bulk of this lange quantity of potash is utilized in the producâ€" tion of fruit, the nitrogen for the for mation of leaves, wood, etc., whilst the phosphoric substances are fuirly and â€" eventy distributed . threaghout It is not sufficient for the grower to dumip so much nitrate of soda. so wuch potash, or so much lime . into the soil at infervals. Tt is worse than useless, and may even be very harmâ€" ful to manure the orchard or 'lIT yard with substances which the soll is already sufficiently rich in. It would for instance, . be sheer idiacy to manu.e alluvial loams rich in organic matter with stable manâ€" ure, or to give a dressing of lime to lime stone land. 4 ‘éfiwflmwmwm Dis. KENNEDY &.KENNEDY ESEet *" **" 5 Croiewnld St.. Detroit, Mich. Cor. Michigan Ave. and ONBWOW! *# """"" /0/ 0 "adre mlc: Alll“lfie-budl-utbuddnu«l to our Canadian Correspondence Depart« coressmemnaccust ment in Windsor, Ont. If you desire to ~:£u“yannwrWIwthdtummudM o i-mmflaaficoflthmhw-nd Laboratory for Canadian business only, Address all Jetters 28 follows : MSMYCW.\'H-'.M 21 ge 4n h Write for our private address. NERVOUS, LIFELESS Manuring Fruit Trees From The Farmer and Pruit Grower DEBILITATED MEN c( ] sefi in the whole system of the plant. ' From this we learn that to un‘urv‘ an abundance of fruit we must man» ure with potash; to obtain a . vigorâ€" ous and healthy. foliage and . strong bearing wood we must supply nitroâ€" genous manure; whilst to . maintain the vine in a robust condition generâ€" ally, and Insure free setting of the fruit, we sho/ld administer phosphaâ€" \Iln manure®; and to neglect co sup» ply either of these fertiHzing agonâ€" cles _ will â€" carse a corresponding weakness in that {unction of . the t\-hn- which is enctained by the . eleâ€" | meats omitted. ‘The proportions of . potash nllro-‘ gen, phosphoric acld, and lime vary in the diferent solls, and although we may know the exact quartitles of these substances taken each year from the goll by the vines, unless we know. the chemfleal _ composi(ion of the woll itself, we are atill . in | gnorance as to what quantitles . to supply to maintain a proper porporâ€" tlon of each element constantly . in the soil. It is necessary . therefore to have some Idea as to the requireâ€" ments . of the _ differeut solls _ and wiich ‘substances they are likely to be rich or deficient In. Having noted the substance necesâ€" sary to be added, the question arises which are the best and most econâ€" omical manurcs ‘#o can use to supâ€" ply the deficlencies? & Uefore considering ti.« cholce . of lu...: wre there is another tactor . to ho in: n into account, for not . only |do the uanures supply Aeficiencies do the uanures supply . Aeflciencies | | exit, Purth U L. /.2 UE in the chenneal consposition of llu-‘ lm?'m-'?-lllhl."lu soil. but some of them play an . imâ€" Y a portant part in changing and remeâ€"| dying the physical or mechanical | : » consistency of the soll. Thus by use | u | ing stable manure not only do . we |, l ‘mkl the‘ nitrogen . and â€" phoaphorie j acld which is lecking in the mll.| s h \ but we also alter _ the consistency, utm making the soll lighter, more . porâ€" | e ous, _ more friable _ and | therefore | relteiate and empbasize uugu\ that warmer, the Importance and Utility stable Stable Manure | menure cannot be too bighly estimâ€" 3t o e t uen GRRITT Soopricn d FRLCE, For general use in the . vineyard j ®"""" " Sout orchard and nursery, stable manure| Care must, however, be taken _ to is by far the most valuable . agent|look after the manure s at the disposal of the grower, and perly, otherwise a large of 1 would warn frult growere against |the value attached to the being led into the exclusive use of| ure will be lost before: it r artificial fertilizers. | the soll. In many cases which . Artificlal manures and chemical|COme under my notice, . the tertllizers are _ invaluable in â€" their| manure is merely dumped in & / proper sphere; ‘but a successful and | hor of the stockyard or profitable orchard cannot be _ estabâ€" | allowed to lis there for lished in clayey, sandy or poor soll| unattended and untouched, . C merely by the application of boneâ€" worst, the manure is spread. dust nitrate, potash, or . superphosâ€"|land in a hot fermienting phates. \ _ By thus leaving the manure For in addition to these substances | ¢d . to the uir and rains, the .. â€"mecessary as they are to the plant valuabie constituent it con â€"the frult trees mmust have a suffiâ€"| Mitrogen, is given» off in the â€"the TrWL S6P8 M _ or‘ @blant | ammonia, and> wasted in th Artificial manures and chemical fertilizers are _ invaluable in . their proper sphere; ‘but a successful and profitable orchard cannot be estabâ€" lished in clayey, sandy or poor soll merely by the application of boneâ€" ‘luu nitrate, potash, or . auperphosâ€" phates. | For in addition m&.om:-] â€"mecessary as they are to the plant â€"the fruit trees must have a suffiâ€" clent supply of humus, _ or . plant L. c dB us c n Arad nb e n P SV ERrRTe food, formed by the decomposition of‘animal or vegétable matter; and if stable manure cannot be procured, stock yard menure, leaf mould, seaâ€" weeds, fish or some other decomposâ€" ed organic mattor must be substiâ€" tuted. .-.l‘n-.&o case of animal or vegetable manures, it is of the greatest imporâ€" tance that all these should be weil rotted and mellow before being apâ€"| plied to the tree. The fruit tree hl not a carnivorous plant which nu.y' ‘mk, fresh, or fermenting manurcs rank, frish or fermenting â€" manures | agree with it. When, however, these. substances are well decomposed -ndl broken down, they are the most valn able fertilizers which could be . apâ€"| plied. ‘The careiessnese . and . neglige..ce of most growers in preparing -uhlo‘ manure for application, or, what is worst still, their total neglect of this "thing of manure" shows. how regretably ignorant they are of its real worth and value in the orchard; and the fact that it is the most useâ€" ful fertilizing agency they could use, |and one which should form the foun |dation of all manuring, #6ens almost unknown to them. 1 would here Ti punAnt OR NO PAY ANER Are you a rictimt Have you lost Coldâ€"Sores Are your hands chapped, cracked or sore® Have you " cold cracks" which open and bleed when the skin is drawn tight? Have you m cold sore, frost bite, chilblains, or a "raw" place, which at times makes it agony for you to go about your housshold dutles? 1f so, Zamâ€"Buk will give you telief, and will heal the frostâ€"damaged skin. _ Anoint the sore places atnight, Zamâ€"Buk‘s rich healing essences will sink into the wounds, end the amar« h‘,.."mh.lqnldl,. â€" Mre. Y of Portland, * Another almost equally . important part of the manure is lost in . the juices which are allowed to . drain away; for these contain the . solide of _ the manure whick have become solubile during fermentation, Hence the necessity for covering the manâ€" ureâ€"heap to prevent _ any loss +; evaporation or through rain wushing out the soluble constituents. Treatment of Stable Manure i ‘There are two methods of propar ing stable manure for use: | . By bullding it in a heap . abovc ground. f 2. Bby pitting it below ground. Before working the manure hea) it is necessary to construct two . o more platforms, according to . the quantity of mapure to be déealt with, ut tae spot where the maunute is . to be stacked; and a tank for the rece) tion of the liquids which drain away from the heap and the stable. Where several platforms are use!, the tank should be placed in the cez tre and should be of sufficient sim te allow 3 cuble feet capacity . for every 10 square yards of . platorz space; a depth of about 4 t will is found most convenient. . To make sure of the tank retaining the . !> quids without loss from drainage, : will be necessary to line it with on erete. The floor of the platform m; be formed of _ clay, provided it & well rammed, but in all cases where the floor of the plattorm is of porow soil it must be covered with cor crete to prevent the juices from i; manure percolating through . as( being lost. To further conserve th juices, it is advimable to build a lox concrete wall around the plattor to _ a height of 9 or 10 inches, «: more if necessary. This will . als prevent any water rumning luto the heaps from the outside. In choosing the site for t! ureâ€"heap it should be placed shady and sheltered position to the stable; andâ€"in order vent the heap being exposed sun and weather, it wil} be sary to make a roof for it. ‘The floor of the platforms . ghosl; be smooth, sloping gently . towark the tank, and provided with smal @rains to assist the drainage of t, liquids into the tank. _ Having constructed the platic: for the manure heap and the . t1 for the liquids, the question of | prepartion of the manure has to docided. ‘This may be done in either of t ways: 1. _ By macerationâ€"that steoping the manure in the ligu Sor some days until thoroughly ; urated. 2. By constantly spraying ; manure with the Hiquids from . ; tank. To carry out the first method, manure is taken from the stabie the tank, and is thore allowed soak for eight or ten days, . A; .‘dmwlnlbfldom spread evenly over the floor of nlatform and covered with soil; Ten e should then be firmed. by treating ail over. The subsequent loads . ; manure are shinilarly dealt with, \, manure being frst of all thrown in the tank to macerate for eight . ,â€" ten days, then spread on the py. TWME 1ND! DEPENDENT, the ma to hand t is tro ve B i5 m s in rep . bpraying, more o @pt over th he miia) nencann ny, ONTARIO with soil and trodden. in second method of preparâ€" m soaking in the tank is disâ€" with, and the manure placed Ir on the platform. . It is then with the lquid from _ tho means of a force pump, aftor t is treated as before, being goverad with soil and firmed. _ This » is repeated daily, and after more soll and manure . is Burea® over the heap. . . _ This process is repeated untif the Is r,ldd. Each day the heap of ~anure is well soaked with . liquid Trom the tank, and cach _ layer . of manure is covered with . soil. _ Not only may clay or other soll be used, but it is a good practice to throw covent Both Stores Open Sathrday Night Until 11 O‘c. |M ns TT_ OS (Anagn | quid which drains away, from the heap. It wils llldudlliwlond‘ and thick, it shows that decompon‘, tlon is not yet complete, . and | S Faying should be kopt up . uUntil lhllu-l‘uelcuudnhuteohr- tase.‘ When property prepared,. . h¢ flll”*‘““â€"“‘.‘flm and _ should cramble casily when rfidmuo-uuuuh. ‘ To ,d-,mlnlauut- uult"“"‘_.m may . ce extravagant. ‘The intitial cost of the C"rRrer80 * . "lonk and _ the time esn 1 L cone ind abor spent !® «n i on movarts nunure, is howeve, more th88 HSAOh ed by the additional value in fortil« ng@ower by this , treatment« BSj 3 the whole of the plant £ood “Um ble manure retained and devel bped by this menthod edipiqperet tC all ed seeds common in stable manure are rotted and destroyed. ‘ (To be continued) SHIRT SALE STARTS SATURDAY All one price Cents 69 rebles Limited * & im« Hamilton TREBLES GREATEST The greatest event of the year starts Saturday, for thousands of men from all g-rta of Ontario wait e:Perly for our February Shirt Sale. This year‘s sale will knock all former efforts into a "cocked hat" for values are nearly phenomanal. We have bought one of the highest quality shirt stocks in Canada, and we are offering them less than cost of material. Don‘t run away with the idea that these shirts are cheap q‘l‘ulities as other merchants advertise. Nothâ€" ing of the kind; every shirt is exactly as representâ€" Be on hand early and these shirts. to be. 3000 Latest Shirtsâ€"â€"â€"first delivery Regular $1, 1.25 and 1.50 qualities These Shirts include light and dark patterns in blue stripe, figures and spots, made from best fine cloths in Madras, Oxzford and Chambrays, in ceat or ordinary styles. NOTEâ€"â€"â€"It will be impossible to consider ‘phone or charge Shirts at these prices. the Another Remarkable Clearance of Canada Rex Spray Co. Ltd. BRIGHTON, ONT. COOK BROS., Agents at Grimsby TWO STORES The Rex Lime Suiphur and the Rex Arsenate of Lead sold at Grimsby last year gave the very BEST of SATISFACTION. The m'm%?fimmn Fruit Growers are invited to hold their orders till they see us. COOK BROS., Grimsby eE Un C nins th > It contains everything worth knowing about all the Trotting andâ€"Runâ€" ning Horses, in America, every week. : supscrise woW AnD OET THE BEAVTIAUL oumstmas SUmMACA FACE susscripTion PRICEâ€"82.00 PER YEAR, 8100 ror e MonTHS, im ADVARCE JAS. A. LIVINGSTON, Editor, Grimsby, Ont. of Groceries and Dainties is very comâ€" plete, and guaranteed absolutely fresh. GRoceRrs AND HARDWARE MERCHANTS MAIN STREET w w [ c% GRIMSBY â€"Rex Lime and Sulphurâ€"Solution _ __ E. 8. & R. T. JOHNSON OUR STOCK Rex of the very best quality. x Arsenate of Le Highest quality of Poison. WEDNESD A Y FEB. 5, 1918 of