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EMPIRE AIR ROUTES PROPOSED BY BRITAIN TO F ORM HIGHW AYS OF PEACE I^indon.- From London to C'«na«ia labii^. ami »mp'.t> Mnokinit aiul diiHD'K in two and a half days, to India in ' >oonis. . , . ... ^ J .. .„ TIjo BiTopVane and ttui airship we'O f.-^ days, to Capatowu ,n "'« d«y«^ to ,..n,^;„„^„tary to each olhor. Austra..a .n «.«.ven days und U> Nc^v ^^ Hriti.h Air Mini»tor said. It wa- ZoaUnd «n iKirteon day.. The.c wq e , ^^^^^^ , ^^. ^ .j,^ ^^j, „, .^^^ tho poM,b.ht.« of th« a.r which b.r^^ WR-dUtHnce flying, th.. a«n,p!tt.,« Samuel Hoan.. Bnt.«h A.r M.ni.t^r. ,„; f,,,,,:^^,,.^ ^ .h..rt^B« traf has submitted to tha Imperial (oa- ^^ ^^ particularly „e«<fed at pr.-s Terence. "There is to-day no technical or operational reaaon," Sir Samuol lio- clarod, "why, by acrop'.ano or nirship, Ix)ndon should not be brought within a fortnight vt tho farthest cities and t«rritorip« of iho Empire. Sir Samuel dovoted hira.self to civil aviation, and proposed the organization of ton^- distanf<s Empire air routes beginning in tho Far East and from Australia to Capetown on the mo.saic plan. "Wo must," he said, "each of us insert our r>articular stone in tho des-lgn." His proposal. Sir Samuel s:#id, in- volved no subsidy. It involved nothing more than co-operation between on« Government and another, and between military and civil flying. Sir Samuel s- ent, when tho airi-iiip program was stil'l In Iho cxporimontal »tage. Sir Samuel pressed that tho Domin- ions .should co-opt?rato in preparing for airship <lov<4opment. To this end two things were essentia'.- -highly effi- cient meteorological information und the erection of mooring maats. "In a year's time,'' Sir Samuel pro- ceeded, "these two airships should bo completed. It ii; then propoaod to carrj' out adequate home trials and Rubsoqucntly to fly one of these air- ships regularly to and from India for !i full period of trial in tropical coun- tries. Wh?n. these trials are com- plied it is hoped, if the Dominions s*'. de.siro, to make demonstration flightn to the Capitals of the Empire." Sir pressed that the Dominions and de- j Samuel's wMsh was to see a comnier- pendencies should create and maintain icial airship line started at the earliest iairJing j;.'x)und8 in good order. He ' possible moment between Great Bri- held that tho airship would caTy out tain and the Dominions. He further the long-distance, non-8top air jour- suggested that before the next Imper- ne>-s of the future, and indicated that i ial Conference there should he an Em- two airships were now U'ing b^-ilt in pire air conference to discuss develop- England which should, with a normal j mentfl. load of freight and passengers, 1)C Jible! Premier Stanley Bruce observed to fly without refuellinj; in good wea-^ that flying had developed so much in ther a distance of 4.000 milts. There ^ Australia that taking an aeroplane would be promenade deck.<; outsido the was now like taking a taxicab. g ;v-v:.v; ' -'..' i' BLO# ii^ nievE Mlieif- f* -v^t. >â- '* Toirmies Strip for "War" in Truck Efficiency Test In Britain's next "little war" the British Tommy may go Into battle metaphorically, "stripped to the buti" Instead of cariTlng a load of up to eighty pounds. A cor^batant soldier's "baggnge" will be cut down to his weapons and ammunlilou If a test now being carried out In divisional manoeu- vers at Aldershot shows he can safely be relieved of the burden In his pac'i when marching to the lighting line. Exercises In which highly mobile troops are engaged against larger but less inohlle forces help to answer tho question Oi whether a soldier can rely on motor transport to deliver when and where he may need them all ini- pedinienls, coats, pack, havorsatk, rations and field dressings which form- erly he carried Into action. .â- \ Reneral pubstllution of motor vehicles for the present horses and wagons will follow if the te«t Is a success. Yorkshiremen Invoke Old Saxon Law Defense A curious echo of pre-Nornian Eng- land was heard in a Oareshuiy York- Khlre court when three men, who were charked with damaging crojis. Invoked In their defense a cortilicate that they were "burleymen." Officers known by this title In Anglo Raxon times, con-ttl- luted a primitive village court, which adjusted all local (U.^putes In accord- ance with Roman law. or local custom. After the Norman conquest the name was retained, but their Jurisdiction merged Into that of the manorial courts. Burleymen survive only in the north of England, where they are in some manors still appointed to assess damage to growing <Top6 and other minor farming matters. A Lamp of Remembrance. In a long wide corridor that leads to the "("hlef's" room at Scxjtland Yard stands a Uimp that Is always alight. It is the "YarU'.H" memorial lo its t'ivll Servant.^ who fell In the. war. This lamp, not \inllke one of Old T/Ondon's street lanterns, has been alight for morithfl. In daytime It Is only when you api)r(>ach close to it that yo'i realize it Is still burning, but It wlJI l>urn day and night for as long as Hcdltand Yard romalns. Insirll.'id on It arf> the words: "In memory of ihoK.; niemliers of the Civil Service staff of llio .Molropollliin Po- lice J''cr''; wlio l.ilil down thflr lives." I Viole't Rays for Eyes. i SurKwiiii have succeede^l in ti-stor- | ln# sIk'i' to dlKOUsed eyes imd by I f-tandardl/ing (ha n)elti>Ml treatment have opeued the way for » m-w attack on Windiietis, said .\ J. M. Tarrant. i«rretary of Moorlic'ds. txindon, tho lilitgeat eyr lii.4piiiii In the British Kni' plre. A year's experiment witli a tiny niorcury vai>or lamp throwing out u'lra-vloiet mvs lias he -n KUcC'^isfully oonrluded. The .secretiir.. said lli.- violet-ray trmtiricni liail Ixen Nucc«4Hrull.v used In rai<e* of Ihrra- iinH iota! hlimlnesi. Oanet to Mak« Milk. •â- â- iili i.-'l milk, wiiii'li iH «K<erl«d to poss'ts all th.> qualitit's of fresh cow* ii:!lk. It lo be niAtiiifa<-iure<l In Den- mark. The product U said n<il to bi> merely a siihsMtute for milk a(i the r««l butler fat i» ropl«c<»d by vege- table 'n.-i i'nd th« addition of vitamlne g'rr* i; harn.'Hr of fresh milk. Smile. Sulllo Hiri lh» world «in!-l»» with ycu; Krown itn.l .mhi frown alone, FV)r Ihn .•^eer''iil grin will let ynu in Where the fr;iwc li never known. British Delegation The upper photo Is that of Sir Wil- liam .Macketizle, O.B.C, K.C, chairman of the Britl.sli deir^gution investigating Industrial relulions between employ- ers and the employed In Canada. The lower photo is that of Fred \V. Field, British government senior trade com- missionrr In Canada. The party is also gathering Infornuitlcn on the methods in wliloh trade disputes are settled in ilie Unite:! States, It Is Very Important â€" To treat a cu'-toiiiHr well even It h<» does not buy. Tt» Judge a collegia !)>• what we send as well as by what comes homo. I To glvt> tho rallix)ad5< some encour- agement if we want gotnl service. To see that the rich also get jus- tice In the courts. I - To enforce all laws If we want any law to be res i>o,- leal. ] - To desrirve cnr rlj-'iU.s if wo exiJect ! to demand tlu-m. • To give gcod altiiiilon if we want . to gel a good speech. Scientists Say it Show* Relationship of Man to Apes. AERIAL SURVEY AS AID IN MAPPING The sketch calls attention to the so-called vestigial organs In man. Evolutlonlsta claim these are coi;cIusive proofs of their theory of the origin of man. Secrets of Science. By David DIetz. The biologist classes Man among the primates. He believes that the nwn-llke apes are man's nearest re- latives upon earth. | Neither Darwin noir any other bio- ! loglst ever said that man wae des-l cended from a monkey. But the biologist insists that Just as various types of mammals can be ' traced to common ancestors so can man and the man-like ai>es. Some-' where thousand.^ of years ago a divl-, slon took place in the development of! a certain type of primate. One branch developed Into the man-like apes. Tho , other developed Into man. I In closing our stirvoy of geology, wo ; noted some of the fossil remains of man which have been found. Trinil man, Heldelhcrg man, Piitdowu man, and so on. These go to prove that man had ancei-tors who resembled the anthropoid ape« much more closely j than docs the present day man. ' But there is no doubt In the minds of hlol<;glals £s to the relation cf man lo tho man-like apes. ! Tho first proof <if the relationship lies in the study of anatomy. Man and tlie manlike apes agree in a most reinarkaliio fashion. There are dif- ferences In size and sliapes. But there ore the .same bones arrauged In the same faslilon in o:u:h. There are the same blood vessels und tho same nprves. i .Man and apes are attacked by the same bacteria and suffer many of the same di.seases - tuberculosis for ex- am pi f. The blood of a man when transfused Into a dog behaves In a hostile way, causing the destruction of the red ccrpuaC-leH. Human blood uiluglos freely with that of tho man-llka apes. There are more complicated ex- amples which prove the same thing. Tho blood-fluid or scrum of a rabbit which has human blood Injected Into It, forms a cloudy precipitate whea mixed with human blood. It will form almost as heavy a pre- cipitate with the blood of the man-like apes. In the case of other apsa (here is only a slight reaction. In the CHse of the lemur it Is weakest of all. Thus the experiment not only shows man's relation to the ape but his degre*; of relationship to various types. Another proof of man's re>lutionsliip to the animal world Is the presence of Ko-callel vestigial organs In his anatomy. Thes>o are relics, so lo speak, of organs which once were im- portant but whioh lost their import- ance as man evolved from the primato stock. The best known of these rudimen- tary crgaiis is the veniform appendix. In c-ertain grazing animals It Is a high- ly important organ. Certain muscles which now perform no function but which originally twitched the ears and the 8k'»> of the face are In the same class. Many mammals possess a membrane In tho eye known us the third eyelid. There are vestiges of this in man. Another proof of tho relationship to the ape Is the hair upon the arms and legs. The direction in which it grows corresponds to the direction of the hairy growth of the man-like apes. Einbryolcgy furnishes other prcxifs of man's relation to the other forms of life. The human embryo In Its early tlages resembles tho embr>-o of the fusil in Its early .stages. Later it re- sembles that of tho reptile and still latuT that of other animals. rmriiig tb« vamt two »<«30ui» F'-aiiM piloted by the Royal Canadian Air )>Vxroe havo tracked paths l>ack aud forth across gretit Btrotchee of north- ern Oiitajio, .Manitoba, and Hajskatche- wan. taking pliotographs for the male- lag of mai>a whitrli will be .of the gr'-at- c--t vtlue to pwapectors, fore«te*T«. K-aoluglflts and otl>eni IntereMed in tlio deve>lopmettt of Canada's hidden re- sources. Th»> areas covered, lying Just l>eyond the fringe of present settle- ment but within easy ac«c«» of It, are destined In '|:" near future to play an ImpcTtant part in the progreas of the Dominion. The pixxluctlou of tb««)« map« l<i In Ilie hands of tho Topogiat^lcal Sur- vcc>'. Department of the Interior. It Is aecHissary that the phi>tograpbs cover lh'9 whole area, and accordingly, be- f<ire each oi>eration a sketch Is pre- par;}d showing the paralled flight Hues rsqulr^d to accomplish this object. How (Joes the aelal navigator track out the.He parallel lines of flight across tJie«e greait and little known eixpanaeaT This unilertaking properly falls' to ejc- r.rlenccd surveyors, and a Dominion La.nds.^urve)\>r thereforo accoi.ipanlee each plane as navigational ofHcer. Of course, he makes use of exls'.lng maps but these only show a few of the principal features which, having been plotted largely from explorers' notes, are often misplaced by many miles. The navigator -must therefore exercise a nice discretion In their interpreta- tion. Although tho magnetic compass Is of great assisutnc^ too much rcll- auce tnunt. not b« placed \)pcfu it; one inu&l uiukTAtuxd Its vagar\«6, l\» ohacges tn,decltaation orer short <!is- ta:ic<os, Itii reapoMe to k>caj attntctlou, anl tlie tufiu^>JM>b wbfcb nlagnetlc dls- tt;rbanoe« may have upotk k. The toTc» of the wind, o(teiu.«>nij)lleat«l by rrosu eurreats. must be reckoii«d wllta, Us general dlrectloo. ajvd- velocity may vary greatly In a single flight, and drift must always be aJiowed for In laying off flight ooursee. At all times Iha aerial uavlgator mxiat exeirclso quick and unfailing Judgm-ent for In an hour the plane covers a distance which would require several days ti-aval by canoe. A most disheartening condition oc- curs when. In the midst of a fBght, clouds Intervene below the plane and blot out the landscape. Photograph- ing must then be suspended aud the plane piloted back to Its base. The navigator is then faced with the ta»k of returning another day and picking up the exact iwlnt at which he left off so that the work may be properly car- ried on. Such conditions ai <« often met with even though flights are made on those days (luring the summer when the weatlier Is moat suitable for photc>- graphy. That such operations have been sucoessfuUy carried out Is at- tested by the fact that it has been pos- slble to make maps of a suflielent or- der of accuracy for the purpose re- quired, based on aerial photographs, covering a large part of our northern country. DETERMINING THE DISTANCES OF STARS PROCESS OF TRL\NGU- LATION USED IN THIS WORK. She "How dsri* you try to kins inel" I He â- â€¢\\>ll, I'd he<>ii In the war In F>«n<i> «nd â€" - * Mirrors That Deceive. MIrrom witli h Kllghi!) lonvex sitr- f«r«. whioh have tJie rrsiilf of sllm- tnluK down th« person using thnm. nrv said In b>> populsr In .Amorican dre.>s fwhins. Name Lake After Hudson's Bay Co. Governor. Red Lake, the si'ene of mining ac- tivity in I'atrU-la district in north- v.e.stern Ontario, was n centre of ftir- trading activity 11!.5 years ago. Tho great map of Canada made by Aaron .•\rrow smith, 1795-1 S02, from Informa- tlcai sotpplled by the. HuJs an's Bay Com- I»u.uy shows the lako by name with Ueil Luke House upcn it. The present Oulrock lake on Chuknnl river bears the name "Prhtce ()f Wales" lake. I'akwa^h lake on the Kame river is shown "L' Paquash" and I.ac Scul es "h. Sal." The latter lake, by the way, Ik shown on the map of I'eter Pond of date 17S0, as lake ".\lone." the translation of the French "Seul." West of Lac SiMil on Kiigllsh river In the position of prehvnt BuriiHton lake Is shown "liov. Wegg.s" lake, evidently comir.eiucrat;ng Sann-.cl Wegg, who was Govt nun- of the Iludon's Bay Company Iroin IVS:* lo 17!!!". The Oeo. giafltilc B<i:\rd of Canad;! ha:; r;cently upprovp.,i of the name "Wegg" being applied lo the lake :idji::nini? Barn.<tnu lake, Bomcllmcs cnlk-d Sandbar lake. Stocking Lore. Ilitvre sre niv.iiy quaint supenitilloim r<>iinecle<l with the stocking. It U ex- Ir-'mMy liirky If a stocking 1m a( cldent- ally put on Inside < :i;, and <-u no ac- lount should It be laken off and chJugc^-l. The iui k Is all the greater If Ihf tlneklng Is the left legged one. Another quaint Idea Is to place n Klotking undtr tho pillow when sleep- ln»! the lti:l nighl In a fresh bed; to be quit.'? corrc.'t. I holi.-ve, the stock- ing has lo he the one that has been w<^n^ <in the right \rK during the day- time. Whalevfr the sleppt-r dreams that nisbt is sure to vvx.w true. When H yrMing gIrS niarrle* before her elder sisters. It Is still tho custom in itomo part.'* for the iininarrlsd wla- ters to dsnre in stooklng.^d feet at the wtdding. Whether this Is an act at hunilllaiU'ti or to bring lh»m husbands. Ino, I know not, but rather snsivect tho foymor, becaiis* In Hcotlnnl the elder luiniarriwl Klstem are Kon'.etlmes pre- sented »1lh gre?n storklinrs. Thesa sre F -nt nnonymously hy si^me ro- callwl frlt-nd, hn a gentlA hint that the recipient Is "on tb* sheV." If To Be Clever. It to be clover means that I must sneer At every honest effort to be gooil, Must tear to pieces all the brave re- vere. And scorn what Isai't clearly under- »tood; If only what is rotten can be art, lyt.rd, keep me from the sin of being smart ! If to be clever moans that I must Jest At all that men hold sacred, and dis- dain The simple teachings telling what Is best. Must serve the pass-Ions for my pocket's gain; K Inilllance meatus an utter lack of heart. Lord, save me from the s^ln of being eraa.n! If lo l:.> clevcc mrans that I mu?t see Alt that Is basd and vile :;nd call that rca»l'. .•\nd tludins hcnor. swear It cannot be BrcTuso I've kncwn some men to lie and steal; If w it nvu.sil t?ar ell gicille worth apart. Lonl. .«avo me from the sin of being smart. â€" Ekigar A. Quest. A Good Reporter. Was Helen then so starry-eyed? Was Troy ho very tall? And were the windy plains so wtdoT Was there a Horse at all? Peihaps they toid idd Homer Thiugs wero of different 8l«». . Prtrhaps a returning reamer Told taira for blinded eyes. But the blind man heard them, yearn- j Ing, ' Ro he rnti^ijd his lypo and sang, ; Aiid the toyleas towers were burning. : And the plains with battle rang. And Helen's face went lannrbliig .ships The young died, and the hoary. ' And Troy In down In dust and chips ; - And Homer got the story. â€" Rollln KIrby. I Old Egypt's Oogs. j Th« ICgyptisns had rv^veral kinds of riomrstir dogs. Including the hound j and wolf-dog. Dominion Astrophysical Ob- servatory at Victoria, B.C., Co-operates With Other Stations. That the stars differ in their appar- ent brightness is self-evident. A thougl'.ful person might surmise that this is due either to a difference In their light-giving powers or to their being .siiuatod at different distances fro;u «» .\s a matter of fact both ai^ coiuribuiory caHse.s and It is only when we know the distance of a par- ticular star that we can have an idea of its real luminosity. Th_> distance^ of the nearer stars are determined by a process of trl- anKt'.lation somewhat similar to that which the surveyor uses to obtain the distance of an Inaccessible mountain peak. NaturalJy, the base line must be enormously longer than any used ui^on the earth and the one that best Ferves the purposa is tho diameter of the earth's orbit about the sun. The small relative shiftings In the posi- tions of the stars as photographed from each end of this lS6,O0O,000-mlle base give us data from which to com- pute their distances. Through tho co-operation of Uait a dozen observatories in Europe and .â- Vmerica the distances of several hun- dred of the nearer stars had been de- termined by this trlangulatlon method before the war and this number has be?n materially increased since. Know- ing, then, their distances and their apparent brightnesses, their real or absolute luminosities are easily com- puted. It has been found that there Is a great disparity amongst them, probably a million-fold being not an extreme ratio. Our own star, the sun. while 100 times brighter than some that are reached by our telescopes. Is nevertheless out.»hone 10.000 fold by others which are designated "giant" stars. Predict the Lumlnlosity. An examination of the spectra or analyzed Ught of these stars of differ- ent reai luminosities revealed pecu- liarities by which It was possible to revers-.^ the process and predict tho corresiiondln;:; real brightnesses. That la to say, If we were to siccure the £.pectrnm cf a star tho distance and r€»al brlghtnc£« of which wca unknown w;» could, from these tell-tale peculiari- ties, determine the ab.so!ute brightness of that partirul.-r star, it Is then a sliiipic calcul.^tlon to find out how for away a star of such known brightness must be to appear of tho brightness v.o see It In the sky. It i."» in the search for the<!e tell-tale pacullariticn In the t>p»ctnim that the dominion Astrophysical Observr.tory. Oepartinent of the Interior, at Victoria. British Coluniblo, has taken a leadlug part among the observatories of tho worW. Many new lines in the sihh;- trum hsve been found which are spo- clally reusitlve In this regani and tho addc.l material has greatly intprovod tUo accuracy of tho iviethod. .\ list of over 1.100 stars the distances of which have bvn thus determined has bei^n lMue<I as a pubiicatton of the observa- tory. Tho dtitanees cannot bo quoted In miles but a popular standard of mea- surement Is the "Ilght-yaar" which Is simply the distance light will travel In a year at the rate of 1S6,000 miles r*-r seccnd. .\t thU rate light reaches us from tho .»an In eight an J on^-ihlrd minutes yet the distance of th-- asar- est of the fixed stars N such tl'al light require J four and (>:'eha.if yi-ars to traverse the distance and (v.>-.ai>ii;enl- ly we say tt is 4^ light years distant Another relatively close star is Slrlus. the bright star of the winter skies, dis- tant 9 light-years. This invostlgti- tlon places Arcturu.s aud Polaris, stars used a great deal by surveyors, at dis- tances of 41 and 466 Ught-ytars re- spectively, whilst the double star Beta Cygnl, at the foot of the Northern CrosS', Is nearly 1.100 light years dis- tant. Moreover. It is found that the stars do not extend to equal dislancea in all directions; they extend to much greater distances in the direction of j the Milky Way than they do at right angles to that plane. The stellar unl- ; verse is thus not spherical but rather j disc-like In form with the long diam- j eter about tea times the shorter. i Value of Researches, I The main value of such researches ; Is In this determination of the form and structure of the universa^ -the problem towards the solution of which practically all astronomical investiga- tk)n ten-ds. When results for the dis- tances of the stars had to be based up- ' on triangulatlou methods alone we could reach out to a limited distance 'only. The base line of 180,000,000 miles, enormous as it is relative to earthly standards, is, neverthelt^ss. in- adequate for all but the nearer stars and necessity drove astronomers to seek some other method of attacking the problem. The newer method adopted at and enlarged upon at Vic- toria has the decided advantage that J It is usahis no matter how infip.ltely j remote the .star may be, provided only It is bright enough tor its spectrum to , be secured. The great light sathsriag power of modern telescopei makes it I possible to spectra of extremely talat I stars. A by-product of the work has been I the aid rendered the physicist In his I study of the atom. When the a.strono- I mer found that certain spectral lines i were particularly Intense In Intriusl- i oally bright stars the physicist was I led to seek the reason for the same ! and the facts marshalled by the aa< : tronomej- from the high temperattire stars have aided materially In eluci< I dating the structure of the atom. Where Christmas of 1927 Has Been Reached Already There Is a factory In Bradford, Engv land, where they have already reached Christmas â€" not Christmas 1926, bti^ Christmas 1927. The mystery is explained by the fad that the factory In question Is devoted , to the manufacture of Chrlsttnaa cards. It maintains a staff of 200 <n eo In a constant atmosphere of peaca on earth and gix>d will to men from Jp.nuary 1 to December 31. Tha Christmas card output tor the comlnj season was coiupletod during raidsuiu* mer when Bradford was experiencing well alx>ve .SO In t'ne shade, and since : then the factory has bi'-en at work on greeUngs for Christmas, 1927, The yearly outptjt verges on five mil. Hon cards. qu:t> an appreoiahle pro. I portion of which are shipped in Can- ada, New Zeah',id and Austritllu. I Ths Bstttr Anatomy Cl«*a. I "That medical student i« mora oTtaa four>d at. ih« dancing class than lh« Un«!;»my oles*, I hear." "He sa:« h.'> gets be!'.«r aaatomy »l tho daacaw" <â-