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I AGRICULTURAL. Brill. h 4(rlruU>rr. The annual statement issued by the Brit- ish Board of Agriculture contains some h'Cihly interesting information. The returns arc for the year 18UI. They exhibit a onn- sidcrable increase in the total area of culti- vated land, the surface) now so accounted for being .T2,OIH,000 acres, against 3-J,78,000 acres in 1890, or a net advance of l.W.OUO acres over the whole of Great Britain. The gain, howevnr, lies wholly in the extent of perm incut grass uow accounted for, the ex- tension of the area no returned in 1891 haying outstripped by the above-mentioned figure the shrinkage of arable surface, which is a marked feature of the returns this year as for many yean previous. The areaof arable land in Groat Britain has ben for the last twenty years rapidly approximating that of pasture land. Arable has been slowly decreasing and pasture) more rap.d- ly increasing. Twenty years ago the ar- able land was to the grass as 3 to 'i, it exceeding by 6,000,000 acres the sur- face of permanent grass, there being 13, 403,000 returned as arable to 12,435,000 of pasture. The pasture lands now comprise 16,4.14,000. and arable has fallen to 16, 485.000. The surplus of two millions in- crease in pasture orer the decrease in arable represents twenty years' grad- ual additions, due to extensions, enclo snres and reclamations, and to a slight extent probably to more complete and accurate records. The diminution in ar- able lands has taken place mainly through the reduction of the area of tr.e corn crops, which declines yearly, and which is now leas by 18 per cent, than in 1871. The past year alone shows a diminution of the corn area of JON.OUO from that of the preceding year. Other crops show no material change, though there seems to be a steady move- meat towards extending the cultivation of fruit in different forms in (treat Britain. Those farmers who have abandoned corn far pasture lauds appear to have gone in extensively for sheep, which hare increas- 1 by over 4.000.000 since 1881, tbe figures at present being 28,733,000. The number of cattle, pigs and horses, however, has also grown greatly, and the British fanner evid ently rinds that it pays better to raise them his efforts to wheat-grow than to devote in. from these figures it is evident that the people of Kngland are becoming every year more dependent on other countries for their food supply, and this in an inverse ratio as the population inc who advocate a fact which those and where the water table is not below the line of the growth of the deepest roots. Kentucky blue grass is not mentioned in the list for the reason that it is indigenous to our HJUS, and in one form or another will soon make its wsy into the pasture. I would also have it distinctly understood in the first place that the quanties of the different varieties to be sown may vary from those given in the above list. The capabili- ties of the soil may call for this, and also the wants of the particular kind* of stock to be grazed upon these pastures. And, iu the second place, that there may be other grasses and clovers which could, with ad antage, be added to the list as soon as we have proved their capabilities ; therefore, a list of these grasses given some years hence may differ considerably from that given in this paper. The value ol these grasses has been proved at this station, and to some ex- tent at other places ; hence they are men- tioned as varieties which, if sown, will not prove a delusive hope. Tare FIXOV W.ITfH, ' How many eggs U a hen wound up to lay during her natural laying life, do you suppose ?' said a man who makes a busi- ness of poultry raising aud eggs, " You've no idea, eh ? Well, sir, a good/ healthy hen I'm not speaking of Wyandottes or Leg- horns, 1'lynioth Rocks, or any particular breed, but just a hen a good, healthy hen doesn't fulfil her destiny until she has turn- ed out 600 eggs fifty dozen eggs. That is what nature filled up the hen t do in the way of eggs, and gives her eight years to do it in. The first year of her egg producing life the hen lays only 20 eggs, but in three succeeding years she rolls up a score of 370. That leaves her only -J30 to fret rid of in tbe four remaining years that she is to be on duty in that line, and she divides the task up among these four years so that in the eighth year she lays only 'JO eggs again the number she started in with. Then she has ended bsr career as an ejzg prodjcsr, and too often, if she is in the Lands of a thrifty owner, begins another career, this time as a summer boarder spring chicken. ' There is a lot about hens' eggs, familiar as they are to everyone, that people ion't suspect. Novr, here's an egg that would be a rooster if it should be hatched out. This one would develop into a lion. How do I know ? I learned it by long observation of eggs and their habits. The small end of a hen's egg will be either as smooth as marble or wrinkled like a nutmeg. Some folks won't bay eggs that are wrinkled, because wrinkles areasure sign of age. A wrinkled ttSM* as* s>7 Whs** H was ssjt4e a Historical raulr. Watches are believed by historians to have been used as early as 147(1. The word watch is derived from the >S*xon wxccan tn vaks ; the Swedish vachl, to watch, and the Danish vaght ; the English watch has the *amu meaning, taken, pro!>ahly, from the watch of tbe night. The actual name in in its earliest days was pocket-clock. It was the perfected invention of the horolog- ical science nt many centuries, and included the sun-dial, the clepsydra or water-clock, the hour or sand-glass, and wheel clock, l>y actual gradations of expehmen Is and skill The ancient German city of Nuremberg claims the invention of the pocket clock, and it is a fact that these first clumsy watches were from their oval shape called Nuremberg eggs, sad that the town was famous for their production. A noble Milanese poet alludes to watches in a sonnet written by hint in ll'.U, so that watches had then reached Ualy. And that country hasendeavored to fasten thetriumph of their invention upon a Florentine astron- omer, but without success. The Emperor Charles V., of Spain, possessed a watch or, as it was then called, a small table-clock. He amused himself with several of these in l.is retirement in the monastery of St Justs. It is said that they could not make them iscord the time, and one day he broke out in this impatient moral reflection on his past conduct " What an egregious fool I must have been to have squandered so much blood and treasure in an absurd attempt to make all man think alike when I canuot even make a few watches keep tune to- gether." Upon another occasion a careless monk entered his room and overturned the time- keepers. The emperor only smiled at the accident and said pleasantly ; "Ihavebe^n laboring for some time It make these you have accom Watches wets introduced into Kugland during the reign of Henry the VIII., who possessed a watch that went for a weak. A watch belonging to this monarch was on exhibitioii in tondon at the world s fair iu MM. A large oval watch which was owned liy ** D tnr TO FOLIOW Ilia, a Veaa na Wke Kl,k, .1 ai. LUs IB I num Batrrprls*. A young man died in Marseilles last fall who had a very adventuresome career *'.th- i" the nut. seven years. His name was Arthur Rimbaud, and he has some repute in France as poet. He is best known, by his doings in Africa and the very unusual means he adopted for aquiring s competency He told his friends that he wanted a certain number of thousands of franca, and wlien he had amassed tlicm he would come home anil live on the modest interest of his for- tune and among his b >oks. He had given proof more than once that he had a dare- devil spirit, but fortunately, he combined with his courage, APFAHKNTLY RsXKUBM was, much ooolness and discretion. He determined to embark in African trade, and he thought be would make more money if he went where he would meet no competi- tion. H told bis friends where he was going, and they tried to dissuade him, but in vain. He had decided to go where other white men did not dare lo venture. Every one has heard of Harrar, one of the most fanatical of Mohammedan cities. It is south of the Gulf of Aden. Richard Bur- ton was the first European to tell us about that big town in Gallaland, and he would never have come home to tell his story if his disguise had not deceived the suspicious and inhospitable inhabitants. In lv>4, when Rimbaud went to Africa, it was not difficult to reach Harrar, because Egypt had taken possession and kept a big garrison iu the city. Rimbau i's destination, however, was south of Harrar, in a region where the native population was large and no white man had yet been seen. The temerity of the enterprise will be appreciated when tne condition of ih- country is recalled. Egypt had not a particle of influence an hour s journey south or Harrar. The French Real Merit ! the eharacwrtiUc of Hood's SarssiwrtHsj mud It U manile*ted every day in the remartG able cures thb medicine ;uv inijilbhes. Drue Sists say : When we sell a uottle at Hood's Sarsaparills to a new riutomer we are sure to see bun hack In a tew weeks after more, -proving that the B'xxl results from a trial bottle war- nut conunuini; its us<-. This positive merit Hood's Sarsaparilla possesses by virtue of the Peculiar Combma- tii>ii, .'rci|iorUon and Process used in its pm- paiuaon. iind by which all the remedial v:ilue ol '.IM: ingredients used i* retained. Hood's Sarsaparilla (a thus !'< . .-..i la Iti.'i: ;uid iiljiolutely un- uuiillrd as a blood purtfler. ;ind at a tnulc for f olldluK up the weak and giving nerve strength. Hood's Sarsaparilla Sold by all ilnisvtsts. (I .:x for (i. Prepared mij by > I- HOOD * <'l)., Apu if rarun, Lowell. Mass, 'CO Dose* One Dollar The Afiican slave trader: have now a de- termined adversary in the BriMnh Imperial Commissioner for Nyassaland, Mr. H. H. Johnston, by recent atlvicei from IjuiUa- maoe we have some particular] of his opera- tioni during the past year against ilieao traders, who are lucked up uy a number of tbe tribal and village chief*. He has cleaned out several of the stronghold* of tbe slaver* At Maitanjila's t, from which surlcd Bait- s clocks go i*yetaer. and now " 1J ocoinpUshed itin an instant." I ' v "". Lucereau had Jst been killed at \\ intl^Hl <Mlt!t ill M*rrai> nn k_ i.A. .1 A mr Warahelli, south of Harrar, on the very day lie left that city. Tttl WILD DALLAS. raided up to the very gates of the town. The Egyptians did not pretend to protect any one outside of the city, and in -y naver ventured themselves beyond the walls to the shore of Lake N'y stronghold on the east slave caravans formerly Mary (jueen of Scots i* still in good order i the south, eicept in strong force. Krery egg indicates that it .olds a rooster in em by trade policy involving for j bryo. A protoplastic hen is snveloped Kngland the rsimpositioa of a bread tax the smooth-ended shell. But they both < under the hi?h sounding name of Imperial , Mte .jj,.. Kach UM iu proportion of 'stom union) would do well to hear m I phosphorus, olem. albumen, sulphur, casein it shows thai ajid m&riwiiie. There is water a-pleuly in a Lut no more air than there is As long as you can keep the mind. At the same time it shows while she is able to compete with the rest of the wheat-producing countries of the world. Canada need never lack a market for her grain. and marve.ru freshlaid eg n '. PersaaaeBl ITaslsKri.. y Tii'vsiA- in a hammer. air out of your egg it will remain sweet and fresh, but nobody has succeeded yet in koep- j ing it out more than six days. The insidious , oVn is bound to find its way through the ?* P 8n "> by itself upon a br egg .hell, pores, and the only way to aav. } tnd the upper in the museum of the Andersouian Univer- sity. It ha* a mixed metal case like that of a hunting watch, and is much larger than our present watches. The dial plate is elaborately engraved with the represen- tation of some continental city. The in- terior has a cord of cat-gut instead of a chain. The cat-gut is not touml iu watches later than the sixteenth century. John Knox, the reformer, was given a watch by Queen Mary at a time when she wished to cajole him into an approval of her schemes). It is of octagonal oblunK shape, an inch an J a half in length and oue and two-tenths in breadth. It has two cases or lids, which are r< >I.I.II:E. that egg then is toes tit. It sounds funny but | tbe moment yon give an egg fresh air that I frequently receiveletUrsasking whether moment you ruin its health. People wonder it would be a paying investment to turn ar- j *hy it is thU a bad egj is so positive and able land into permanent pastures and if so. obtrusive as lo odour, but they shouldn I. which grasses should be used for the pur Wl "" J "> expect of a combination of pose. A few words, therefore, on this sub putrihed albumen, decayed cheese, sul- phuric acid, carbonic acid gas, airmoma. and ultra rancid margarine set tree? Honeysuckles? "There is no accounting for the freaks hens often take gi the laying of eggs. Now, ! what sort of a consistency is there in a hen lion <>f ject may prove opportune at this the ) ear. I desire to say at the outset that perman- ent pastures are not likely to occupy so prominent a place iu our tgriculture rela- tively as they do in that ot (ireat Ilriuin. In the first place, our seasons are too dry. little while some captured Galla was put to death in Harrar for deviltry of one sort or another. The very fact that Harrar was controlled by a military protectorate inten- sified the danger in the zone immediately outside, where lawlessness prevailed. Kimbaud and his trade goods arrived in Harrar, and the authorities were properly shocked by bu scheme. It was his (ai pose to set up in businoM at Buhaasr on th big plateau about thirty miles south of Harrar. The officials told him he would be killed within a week. They would have stopped him, but Rimbaud had providel for that contingency. When he was told he could concave silver plates, I ,,,, t l,.ve the city eicept to go hack to binge, j lnc coast he smile.! and said nothing and a lid is the brass front of f ew days later an order arrived from Cairo instructing the official* to permit the ad- venturesome young man to try his luck wherever he pleased. Kimlwud simply did hat all explorers have done who have entered the Galla county and IK en lucky enough to come oat again. Hi wont to Buhassa with a force of assistants hued on the coast arm- ed with u good guns as are mad, and strong enough to protect his property. He ward, he fuund two slave dhows, which be attacked, captured, and Imrned, a:i r some nght.ng with the hostile natives. <'.im- missioner Johnston has under his order* a force of East Indian Sepoys, consisting of Sikhs and Swahuli, who render good service, but his operations have been greatly hinder- ed by a lack of gunboats on tbe lake. .Since March of last year Commissioner Johnstoa has made remakable piogress, not only in coping with Aril) hostility and native ob- struction, but also in constructing higways, in making surveys, in laying the foundation of a postal system, and in settihg up the nstitutions of Hntish civilization in Nys that is almost big enough to cat her corn Ir.nii the top of a banel laying an agi{ no brass the watch with a small silver dial-plate in the middle. The dial plate is only nine- tenths of an inch in diameter. Coder the other case, or back, of the watch are curved on the brass plates these words : ' X, Kor- saict a 1'aris. " The interior seem* to be disposed nearly in the same mode as later watches. It has a crown escapement. In- stead of the chain of the fusee there is a fine therm band. The balance- wheel has uo spring. The manufacture of tiny watches, so minute that they could Ke worn in a ring, is mentioned as early as l.'iOO. A musical watch now exhibited in the St. Petersburg Acadaniy u' Science performs a wo il to the tribes that he had come as a man of peace to bring them things they would be gltxl to have in exchange for gold <iu>t. sknuand other commodities tliat it would nay him to buy. Tey would find him a friend worth cultivating if they were and ! bigger than a sugar plum? And why siiould ho may account for the purpose oar winters are too cold, because of the seems to actuate heus uow and then to lay intensity of the frost many grasses of much j four or five eggs at one time, one iaside of value in Great Britain canuot withstand ' another, like a nest of Japanese jars? Yet the cold of our winters, aud consequently I such freaks are only a few that are co nmou they perish. And, in the third place, we in the poultry yard. Out of a setting of happily do not require them so much as the ' egirs one of my hons hatched once one ofg people of Great Britain, as we have a aillage produced a live chicken with four fully and fodder crop in Indian corn of much developed legs and four eyes, while another more value than anything which they C.MI grow for these uurpotes. Vet it would not be prudent to say that we have no place for permanent pastures laid ilown upon the Kuropan plan. Mauy farmers may find it to their advantage to keep a certain tiel I in pasture for a term of that no chicken |> ked its wav out of I broke and found a dead chick that had neither eye* n >r legs. What I would liko to know is how that one chicken came by the extra eyes anil legs that plainly belong- ed to the other one? Out of another hen that i;rew up to crow as shrilly as any roos years in succession. In these instances, j ter that ever lived, but tho never laid an mixed grasses, if properly selected, will giv<i egg. I g u t out of the same hatching a more rualure thau can be obtained where ' roooter that was never heard to utter a not* not more than two or three varieties are in the way of crowing, but lie laid eggs with grown. I all the facility of a hen. There are few The value of permanent pastures in this ' things in nature., 1 tell you, so queer as counlry will depend almost entirely on the nature of the soil and the selection of the grasses to be sown. The soil should be a loam, rich in humus aud well drained natur- ally ortherwise, that is to say, it should be soil which is naturally well adapted to the growth of grasses. On dry, very stiff clays or on light .in eggs and tbeir possibilities. " < anatla Hilorn.lo. Late reports from the Kootenay mining .i/^ w v..o country continue to confirm those previous- gravelly soils, I ly received as to the extraordinary rii-hness ds.it would be ' of the district. A Mr. Wilson, lately con , a great mistake to try to grow mixed grass- I nected with the Spokane Review, was in esin the permanent form. The returns i Victoria recently purchasing g'txls to supply would certainly be disappointing, as such ' tore ho intends openmg in Kiwlo City, H. lands are not well adapted naturally to the ' C., in the early spring. Mr. Wilson staled growth of grasses. On the stiff cUys the ! to a reporter of the Colonist that everybody K' >.iM re> alts would be more satisfactory than on , i Spokane is enthusiastic about the pro spects of the Koolcnay Lake district, and the light lands after the needs got a start. The following is the list of grasses and clovers that I would recommend in laying down a permanent pasture in (.'ana la. and also the respective amounts of the seed ot each lo use : LbK. Tinmthjr rd Bras* Meadow foxtail Orchard Meadow rescue.. Tall o.it grass Lmrrno Alniko cloxr White or Hutch Hovrr. 1 Yellow clover or trefoil. I .. tl especially of the Kaslo-Slocan section. Although he has not yet visited this dis- trict, hu has been adviocd by those Mho have been there, and have knowlbilge of its wonderful possibilities. So convinced is he of the rapid development of the Slocan mines, that he has purchased several lots in Kaalo City, and as soon as the season will permit, he will fo in and erect a building for the purpose-* of a general store. Mr. Wilson states that he has had f: i. n U prospecting in the Kootonay Lake district for three years past, and he is finan- cially interested in several of the mines located but fall -among them being the " Lone Jack," one of the first discovered, and which assays '2UO ou. silver tvml 60 per cent lead. Tho " Rut>v Silver," on tlio Total These varieties are all hardy, and will stand well the rigors of our col. I winters. Some of them, s tiniolhy andalsike clover, will only last for a limited term of years. \ mte | e ,lge, assayed H.(KM) o/s. of silver to Orchard grass is buncliini; in it* habits of . tne ton y r Wilson has every confidence growth when sown thinly : l^nos it is so | in t he prospects of West Kootenay mid in far objectionable, hilt it furnishes a Urge ten( | 8 to mako it Iho se.it of his o|K.-rations. amount of food both early and late in ihe ,\, ,<> M navigation opens, he in assured season. Tall oat grass i a vigorous grower, | tnal maliy thousands will enter Kootenay of proved hardiness, and like orchard grass furnishes a good bite in spring and also in autumn. Mea.low fescue is a midsummer grass, a persistent grower, and has much power to withstand well the influences of frost and drought. Lucerne is a most per- sistent growei , but it should not be sown whvo the subsoil is not deep aud porous, from the south of the boundary, oomiux from all parts of ng States. the Western and Pacific An s, 0vl-ton ironclad had been launched at Suhaitopol. Another warship of 12,01)0 i -i i, the largest in tin' Kussiaii uavy, will soon oe launched at Nicolaief. down, the angels appear, the holy women outer the sepulcher. and the same chant which is sung in the Greek church on East- er Kve is actually performed. This watch was invented by an ingenious Russian pea- sant during the reign ol Catharine uf Russia. Th? silver clock-watch of the unfortunate king, Charles I., is still in existence. It is most elaborately engraved with pastoral scenes on the dial, and a 1-order of flowers, and is a very interesting relic of that un- happy monarch. Janvier writes concerning the watches of l.ViO in France, that thi-y are beautifully ornamented and of all sizes, and that some of them would go a long lime without being wound. The Karl of Leicester presented Vueen K!i/al*lh wilh " a rounde clocke fully gw- mailed wilh diamonds," suspended lo an armlet. A curions watch is still in existence which bos a silver case ornamented with mythological figures. It bears tins inscrip- tion : ' From Alcthea, Countess of Arundel, to her ilr. ire soue, Sir William Howard, K. B. , MM This wntcli is of an oval form, Ihe ex- treme size two inches and a half in thick- ness. It strikes the hoars and has an .ilartn, shows the days of the week, the age and ph.nes of the moon with the days and in nit hs of the year, and tne signs of the zodiac. On the inside of the cover there is a Roman Catholic calendar with the date 1613. It bears the name of Lyons as its make place. The early watches had but one hand, showing the hours. They usually required winding twice a day. Originally the m mi spring was a straight piece of steel. The in- vention of Iho balance spring is credited to Robert Hooke, of London. An inscription on a watch presented to Charles II. would seem to establish this. It reads : " Robert Hooke inv't 16Y.V Repeating watches were invented by Bar- low in l<>76. There are many modern curiosities in tho shape of watches, and antique ones appear at frequent intervals which have been heir- looms ami kept t'rom the public gaze. Oc- casionally a clover impoator introduce* to the world an antique chronometer with a spurious history. Such was -liu watch which was said to be a relic of Robert Bruce. Another serious dynamite explosion took place in Paris on Tuesday, and the feeliny is so strong against tbe Anarchists, who are supposed to be tho authors of this and previous explosions, that legislation is re- commended by the 1'resident making tin- wilful destruction of properly punishable with daath. to study him a little. When they became convinced that trade was his only purpose and that his presence was A KAL ADVANTAGE to them they not only toll-rate I him but grew to like him. Riml>au<l found it neces- sa-y at all times to guard against possible treachery, but he never had any nsrious trouble : and yet at no time during his re- sidence in tne Galla country was the region regarded as safe for white men ; and at one time when he wan sick and two white friends at Harrar with a strong force of Xullrh Gallas proposed to start for his trading camp the (iovemor forbade the journey and said to them : " Your blood would 'lie the price "f the trip." They went without his permission and got through safely. Rimbaud did very fairly at his trading station, though it was not a glittering field for enterprise. He had no competition, and there is no present prospect that ho will have a successor. Hu liked it so well, how- ever, that he wrote to friends in Krance that he intended to make Kast Africa his porma nent home. He went home once or twice, but his r>ugh life among the Gallas had a fascination for him that he could not resist. One day last summer he had a bad fall and injured a knee so severely that it was deemed necessary to take him in a litter to the coast for treatment. No surgical aid there could help him much, and he decided to go on to France. When he arrived at Marseilles the surgeons told him it would bu necessary to amputate the leg. The operation was performed, and he survived il only a few hours. He was only 'IT years old. Mrs. O. M. Young, 1 Sully Street, Gr>ve Street, Liverpool, Kng. , writes that the contents of one bottle of St. Jacob* Oil curei! her of lumbago after she had given up al hopes of ever being better. An immense new cathedial will bo built in Berlin. "German Syrup" For Coughs & Colds. John F. Jones, Edom, Tex., writes: I have used German Syrup for the past six years, for Sore Throat, Cough, Colds, Pains in the Chest aii'i Lun^s. and k-t iuc >.iy to any- one wanting such a medicine German Syrup is the best, B. W. Baldwin, Caiuesvillc.Teun., writes : I have used your German Syrup in my family, and find it the best medicine I ever tried forc-oughs and colds. I recommend it to every- one for these troubles. R. Schmalhausen, Druggist, of Charleston. 111. .writes: After trying scores of prescriptions aud prepara- tions I had on my files and shelves, without relief for a very severe cold, which had settled on my lungs, I tried your German Syrup. It gave tne immediate relief and a perma- nent cure. , < G. G. ('.KEEN, Sole Manufacturer, Woouburv, New Jersey, U. S. A, lxt"l I mhri-lln la Ike Werld. It is said that the biggcat umbrella in the world has been made for the use of a \V. t African kmg. The umbrella, which can be closed in the usual manner, is twenty -one 'eel in diameter, and is alfixed to a polinh ed mahogany stall of the same length. I h canopy is made of India straw, and has a score of straw tassels ami a border of cri-n- son satin. On the top u a pine-shaped straw ornament which tonninatet in a wild- oil cone. When in use tfie umbrella in in the ground, and un.ler its sheltvr the sing is able to euteruiu thirty guoittt at dinner. It is reported from Australia that the Government of the province of t^ueenslanil has determined to adopt a uoli.-y under which immigration will oe prohibited (or an indefinite period of time. There have re- cently been complaints iii at let*: three of \ lotralian provinces that hordes of un- desirable persons were arriving there from various countries of Kurope, and that this immigration had turned out to he highly disadvantageous to the interests of the pro- vinces. It is doubtltix iu consequence of these complaints that the (Queensland (luv eminent has determined to put astop to Im- migration. The Kiit uli Government has aoknowledgi-d the right of Au.vmha to ex- clude C'hinami'D, ami it is not likely to In- terfere with an extension of the policy of MhusosV WITHOUT AX EQUAL. NEURALGIA, I,,, :ssB**r .<! -UMBACO, nEMEW^AlN SCIATICA, Sprains, Bruises, Burns, Swellings. THE CHARLES A. VOCELER COMPANY, Baltimore. M<J. Canat'ian Deoot: TORONTO, OMT . \ - **i **at.-si .-JMJ'^PS>S.II i" -. - - -^ss^ t .. f