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.‘l’éqeflq lsurface for the evaporation of mois- n lture. . . ....»....,_-_..._--......... . ..- .u» f it"tiR FARMERS lube. Now the smaller the bore the 7 directly. s _......â€"_,__~ ix Seasonnble and Profitable 7 X Hints for the Busy Tillers of the Soil. Q . BENEFITS OF CULTIVATION. That cultivation tends to conserve soil moisture is now disputed by no one familiar with the properties of the soil or blessed with the proofs of experience. Just why this is true I. shall endeavor to explain briefly, writes a correspondent. ' Soils are of different textures, varying from gravel through sand and loam to fine clay, but in all there are many spaces between the soil particles for air and water. These are well filled with the spring rains, but ~ during the summer droughts some of the moisture reâ€" cedes into the ground. while much is evaporated into the air and lost. Now, the problem is to keep this moisture near the surface, yet not exposed to the'drying winds and sun. This is best done by a mulch or by tillage, which is only a methnl of securing a mulch of dry soil. If a dry towel is held in a basin of water for a time it will necome wet above the water line; if a fine glass tube is set in water, the water will rise inside the tube above the leveli of the outside; if water is poured, into the base of a flower pot 't will work upward through the dry soil in it. This is due to a greater attrac- 1ion between the particles of water and those of the towel, glass or nil, than between those of the water tself, and is called capillary attrac- iion. It is by this property that the soil is enabled to pump up water hr the roots of its plants. The fpaces between the soil particles cor- :esponded to the bore of the glass higher the water will rise in the lube, sothe smaller the spaces be--l nveen the soil' particles the better hill the water , RISE IN THE SOIL. l The particles of a sandy soil are1 coarse, while those of a clay soil are fine. This explains the well known fact that a clay soil in good tilth will hold Water longer than a sandy1 one. ‘ - - Now let us see why tillage tends to preserve this moisture. When bare ground is left to itself it is packed down by rains and baked by the sun 3.0 that‘ many minute tubes are formed in it through which water 2 ises to the surface by capillary atâ€" traction. These soâ€"callcd tubes are, -I‘ course, very irregular and broken nevertheless they form regular water channels. By making the soil firmer aiie channels are rendered smaller as! 3.1 a clay soil, so that water risesz more rapidly. This is why firming' and with a roller makes it appear more moist, but We shall discuss this (point in another article. Now, if a lacv of tillage establish“ es conditions favorable for the rise- of soil moisture, why cultivate the :zoil? The reason is simply this: f‘ultivation, by breaking up these capillary channels in the Soil, stops the rise of moisture where it is need- -::l, a few inches below the surface, and makes a mulch of loose, dry soil above it through which the. moisture will not rise, to protectit from eva- poration. We all know that ground remains moist beneath a board or stone or‘ layer of straw. They prevent the moisture which rises to the surface. of the ground from being dried up by the sun and winds. The loose soil, which proper Cultivation leavesg upon the top acts in much the same‘ way. A well tilled field loops dry, but dig down and see if moisture is not found just below the loose soil: mulch, while in the untilled field moisture is found at a greater depth, and there is no strict dividing line between the dry and the moist soil. There are seycral other important ways in which“ tillage aids in con- serving moisture. It produces a granulation or grouping of the soil particles so that each group acts as a sponge in holding water and plant food, and yet leaves channels for air and water BETWEEN THE GRANULES. Cultivatin following a light shower in a dry time is‘imperative, other- wise the shower may actually do more harm than good. When soil is very dry water does not wet it easily as can be seen by pouring water on dust. Now this dry mulch does not draw upon the moisture deeper in the soil, but if the loose top soil is wet by a light rain it will start . in my own neighborhood, few isausage vwas bought in the raw state from that which is the most, horrible of‘r From the standpoint of moisture! _ compensated on the land, In plain; ‘ Dji‘lf‘ HUGE 1 TV ‘ “It is frankly said that the regrct- against the popular notion- and for l\ 131'“ l ble reverses of our flee‘t must be ultimo it will be as unpalatable as the nauseous medicines so liberally conservation the frequency of cultiâ€" i'pfifi APQSI-‘LE OF UNIVERSAL Elunguage this means that if the {Illâ€"ladlninjsteped. vntion can be scarcely overdone, but i as a rule one should cultivate once in ten days, and after every lieavyl 2.. rain, until July or August, depend-lmurder' , jug upon the crop, its emqiness’ andl Greatest CI‘L"'.3 m the the season. World. THE FARMERS HELPER- “Again war. Again sufferings; ne- PEACE. of One's Fellowâ€"man the I want, to put in a plea for thevcessary to nobody, utterly uncalled: sheep as the farmers right-hand 5 for: again fFaUd.(;1g:inttl’llP fidiversay an ru a 1m. ion 0 ' These words form the comâ€"l helper in the pastures. A few years I Stupefuction ago such a plea might have been men.” necessary, Then most general fur- menccment of a remarkable article in mers, particularly in the east, had the London Times by Tolstoi, the their'littlo flocks of sheep, Today Russian novelist and advocate of for; universal peace and brotherhood. He mel‘s oWIl sheep." For one reasonlgocs on to describe the mobilization and another they hove disposed of of armies, the tearing away of the them. so. that comparatively few! husbands and fathers from their sheep are to be seen here. I think1 fields and families, and setting them this drifting out of sheep a mistake 01.1 t0 kill Others WhOSG Plight is as for a number of reasons. pltmble- Aside from the money value oil the sheep themselves, their wool and} other by thousands of miles, hun- their lambs, sheep have proved their (“eds 0f thousand$ 0f SHCh men H , I their crime? M0“ Who are separated from each'are quite persuaded that they have thorities have badly directed things; on sea, and by their negligence havel ldestroyed not only the nation‘s milâ€". I . flions but thousands of lives, we can 0f the “Versv 01 ‘Vthh Scarlet leverv Imake it up by condemning to death. on land several more Scores of thou- sands! "When crawling locusts cross riv- ers it happens that the lower layers are drowned, until from the bodies of the drowned is formed a bridge over which the upper ranks can pass. In the same way are the Russian; people being disposed of. ° ' “Thus the first lower layer is al- ready beginning to drown, indicating the way to other thousands, who will all likewise perish. “And are the originators, directors and supperters of this dreadful work beginning to understand their sin, Not in the least. They fulfilled, and are fulfilling, their (on duty, and they are proud of their right to a place on the farms of this the 0110 handâ€"Bllddists. Whose 111W activity, cauntry. world of weeds has come into our fields within the past few years. 'And Chl'iStiflnS. not so surprising after all, when we, bl’Othel‘hOOd and love) It is astonishing what a’ forbids the killing, not only of men, 'but of animals; on the other handâ€" professing the law of “People speak of the loss of the brave Makaroff, who, as all. agree, was able to kill men very cleverly; like Wild they deplore the loss of a drowned remember to what an extent the; beasts 011 land and {’11 59% are 58‘2" excellent machine of slaughter which Seed “'0 buy and 50W iS POPPCI‘CGI “‘8' out eaoh Other' 1“ order to kill' had cost so many millions of roubâ€" with foul stuff. Not long ago, aftcl-I torture, and mutilate each other in 10s, they discuss the question of how Writing an fll‘tiCle for the Press Q“ the mqst cruel “’aY' Whal‘ can this to find another murderer as capable mg my experience in trying to get be? Is it a dream or a reality? Some- as the p00,. benighted Makmnfi‘, they pu’ro timothy and c1ove1- seed, 1 reâ€"f thing is taking place which should invent new, still more efficacious ceived a most significant letter from not, Cflmfot be; one 10115”; to believe tools of slaughter, and all the guilty an old farmer in a neighboring state| that 1t 1s a dream and to awaken men engaged in this‘dreadml work, in which he said that hewas now from it. more than eighty years of age, and although he has been working all his a dreadful l‘efllilY! I life to get clean seed, he rover yet UVFOR'I‘UNATE YOUNG MAN. has been able to find seed that he of the Czar he savs :_ fgqsiqers really “9% from impm'ities' This unfortunate:entangled young “‘13 ‘S the kmd 0f 309d we are scat‘ man, recognized as the leader of 130- tering broadcast over our .farmsiooofloo of people, continually do. every year, and the wonder IS that. we are not more seriously hamperedl himself, confidently thanks and blessp ceived and compelled to contradict from Several from the Czar to the humblest jour- “But no, it is “Gt 3 dream: ‘t ’5 nalist, all with one voice call for new insanities, new cruelties. for the increase of brutality and hatred of one’s fellow men.” A SOLDIER’S LETTER. The article closes with quotations letters received by Tolstoi from Russian reservists, one in Our farm operations by the stuf‘fl es the troops whom he calls his own of the most remarkable of which that grows up in our fields. for murder It ought to be known by eVe‘ry- with yet less right he also calls his body by this time that the sheep own,” tu-res every year. Not all of us reaâ€" lize just what this means, however. e'rals, journalists, _who incite Suppose” we think about it a moâ€" murder, and says :â€" ment. A single stalk of “Imint “One could yot~understand how brush, for example bears, innumerâ€" poor, uneducated, able seeds. If allowed to mature, ese, torn from his field and those seeds drift away on the Wind that Buddhism consists not in com- tivcs of emperors, politicians, genâ€" deSQIONC‘S hosts 0f “feeds in ‘the Pasâ€"l He continues. to discuss the mo- been a great lover 0f reading your I. taught finding lodgment sometimes half a' passion to an that 11mg, but in sac- on earth. Tell me, Lyof Nikolaeâ€" Tt is not too much to rifices to idols, and how a similar vitch. 91gb- being read, the priest mentions the Next year in the place of borhood 0f Toula or Nijm‘ Novgorod, Christâ€"loving army. Is it true or the one stalk there will be ten new, wh'o has been taught that Christian- not that God loves war? I pray figure itv consists in worshipping Christ, you, LYOf . this on a little way and see. what it me Madonna, Saints, and their ikons got any books from which I could mile away. Sill! th‘dt OVel‘y Stalk bears ten such poor illiterate fellow from the n seeds. plants. Take a pencil and Will amount 1'0 in tell yC'dYS- Thel â€"â€"one could understand how these un- result will be surprising. fortunate men, brought by the ViO" But suppose the sheep nip that, lonce first stalké-and “paint bl‘USh"â€"thflt is the end Of worldâ€"the murder of-.one's brethrenâ€"â€" that stem with its myriad pf port-.215 a virtuous act, can commit, these then send me a letter. _ I deeds, without regarding very glad when I rece1ve a letter sible. new plants. Score one for the dreadful sheep. And this is only a instance. Dozens of weeds besides: hug; the paint brush grow in our pastures; These the sheep devour in great numâ€"g bers. More than that, they nip off, I REASON DETHRONED. otherwise grow until they preâ€"empvted Licipatvc in it, and, worst of all, the ground all abOUt tth- without suffering the dangers of war Capping the climax, comes the fer- themselves, incite others to it, sendâ€" tility‘z' the sheep leaves whereever it‘ ing their unfortunate defrauded bro- goes. Some animals may leave the thersv to fight? land upon which they feed the poorer for their presence. Not so the nore, I do not say the Christian sheep, its droppings are the very esâ€" law, if they recognize themselves to sence of fertility. Instead of leav- be Christians, but all that has been ing the land impoverished the fields written, is being written, has and is they travel over will-.be richer next being said, about the crueuy, futfl. year than tO'daY- There are sugâ€" ity, and senselessness of war. They gestions which it will do every genâ€" are regarded as enlightened men pre- L‘l'al farmer 300d t0 think about. (:isely because they know all this. ___._.+___.. HORSEâ€"EATING IN LONDON. either Voltaire, or this are now in a state of war; please a to God or not that our conunanders defrauded Japanâ€"- compel us to kill. and deceit of centuries to reâ€" .they CC)“: I Will Pay- I beg you SHOCD (10 Cat even cognize the greatest crime in the LyOf leolaevltch, do not negleCt Single" themselves as being guilty in so do- from you. "But how, can soâ€"called enlightenâ€" Lord qu- ” the tops of berry bushes that might ed men preach war, support it, parâ€" success in your work. 9 These so-called enâ€" 1 lightened men cannot possibly igâ€" SOME TERRIBLY MISLEADIMG “It is as .if there had never existed something which can arrest the pro- Montaigne. .01' gress of a disease and hurry up its Pascal, 01‘ SWHL, 01' Kant: 01‘ Spln' determination. There is a very wide- in defence of lands which was written at Port Arthur: “I have read your book. It was very pleasant reading for me. I have works. Well, Lyof Nikolaevitch, we write to me whether it is agreeable I beg you, Lyof Nikolaevitch, write to me please whether or not the truth now exists In church here a prayer is Nikolaevitch, have you see whether truth exists on earth or not. Send me such books. What If there are no books, my request. I will be I will await your letter with impatience. Good-bye for the present. I remain alive and well, and wish the same to you from the Good health and good vâ€"+â€"â€"â€"â€"-â€"- HAN DISEASEBE GURED? NOTIONS. ____._. Most of the More Serious Diseasos Run a Definite Course. The popular idea of "a cure" is Flesh is Disguised 1iiefore Reaching oza, or hundreds of other writers Spread notion that every malady has the Market. - the madness and futility of war, and i f . _ ‘ _ tufie r352: tsxl’bnirttgcl‘tlttmthgarl-Iealfh have described its cruelty' Immoral- ity and savagcry; and, above all, 1t Committee of the Poplar Boron h . . . - Council, London, by the medical gfâ€" Is as If there had novel ems‘ted Jesus ficer of health, Dr. Alexander. hood He said that there was reason to “0,116 means an this to mind and believe that horse flesh was being looks around on what is taking dealt with in large quantities for place and one experiences horror less and brawn making: and at the abominations of war than at knackers and others apparently to be on horrorsâ€"the consciousness of the used as cats’ meat. The horse flesh impotency of the human reason." no doubt underwent the process ULOVE YOUR ENEMIES.” known as “b.011ingnâ€"that was’ careâ€" He deals with the question of the fully mmovmg the bone from the justification of war against the oneâ€"- fleSh' . mics of one‘s country as follows 2â€"â€" There was also, reason to believe The answering of blow with blow’ that horse flesh was not only sold cruelty with cruelty, robbery with as obtained from the knacker, ‘but I.obbcry’ he denounces from the stuff was salted and subsequently standpoint of the Christian law of washed in order to deprive it of its “Love vour enemies,” [peculiar taste before being used for “So that to this question as sausages and brawn. Horse flesh so treated was know as “jack,” and if it passed through understands his destination, what- a mincing machine, and was mixed ever position I may occupy, there the flow of the deeper water upward, 'where more maybe lost in a few days by evaporation than fell in the rain if the ground is not stirred The principle is familiar to gardeners, florists, and those who irrigate. They know that a good wetting periodically when the ground, becomes dry is much better than a dozen sprinklings. The depth of cultivatuin best for saving soil moisture is laid by most authorities at about three inches. This depth is not, however, related to size of shovels, for small shovels can be made to go as deeply as large ones. Personally I have a. great preference for level cultivaâ€" tion, and I think most persons who have studied the subject .will agree with me that level tillage looks better, is more easily done, and, most of all tends to catch and hold moisture better than any method which leaves furrows and ridges. It gives a greater surface for the water I to soak in, and less tendency for it 1.. l. off. and it also lessens the with fat, flesh and spice, it could can be no other answer than this, {not then be distinguished from_ the whatever be my circumstances, whe- ‘flesh of the ox, nor could the nature ther the War be commenced or not of the fleshâ€"in which, nuder normal Whether thousands 0f RUSSiflnS 01‘ ‘conditions, the products of disease Japanese be killed: Whether “0*! only iwould be readily detectedâ€"be always Port Arthur be taken: but St- Pet“ ! idetcrmined even by an expert. An alteration in the law relating h . .h -. . 'â€" . . 'to t e gale Of one fleSh WM abso can neither directly nor indirectly, lutel necessar if this nactice was . . . . ito b); stoppedy and to this end the neither by direcun‘g' “or by helpmg’ Who have exposed, With great force! its specific remedy, and if the proper ersburg and Moscowâ€"I cannot act th _ I otherwise than as God demands of be more absurd in itself, or more detâ€". me, and that therefore I as a man I‘lmental ‘30 drugs were only known and promptâ€" ly administered the sufferer would almost immediately reocver. Books have been published from and his teaming °f human bmther' time to time which foster this noâ€" tion, because they contain alphabeti- cal lists of diseases, against each item of which is set off the supposed remedy. This naturally leads the eaders to imagine they have in their hands a kind of “ready reckoner,” and that they need only to pick out the name of an ailment in order to discover the clue to its "cure." The idea has fastened on the public mind, partly as a result of the quaint quaokery of bygone times, and partly in consequence of numerous so-called the remedies now so largely advertised. NATURE THE GREAT HIEALER. The idea that every disease calls . , to for some particular drug is entirely . what IS to be done now, when war erroneous, and IS commenced, for me, a man who because it terribly misleading, diverts attention from what is actually going on; and, with one or two exceptions, is positively untrue. Most of the more serious run a definite course, and nothing has yet been discovered which can arrest their progress or hasten their end by a single day. If, therefore, is notion is a fallacy, what can the patientgs welfare, than to keep pouring into his stom- ach unpalatable medicines, which are nor by inciting to it, participate in almost certain to prevent his assimi- medlcal Officer recommends that the war; I cannot, I do not wish to, am lating his proper food. llaw be altered so that a term of im- I will not. What will happen im- Take a wellâ€"known example-“pneu- I ‘. ‘ - I o ‘ l e l pnsonment 01 a fine not exceeding mediater or soon. from my ceasing moma," or inflammation of the lung. $250 may be imposed by the magis" to do that which is contrary to the This disease, in every Single instance, trate' will of God, I do not and cannot He 315° suggesm that every knack" know, but I believe that from the er and dealer in horse flesh shall fulfilment of the win of God there .138 Ffiglstel‘ed. and Fhat they Shall can follow nothing but that which is ‘keep a record showmg the quantity good for me and for all mom," and destination of all consignments BRIDGE OF THE DEAD of horse flesh sent out by than After the dimster to the- Petropavâ€" lovsk, in which Makarofi perished, Positive, wait; comparative, wait- To15toi comments thus on the meaâ€" er; superlative, do it yourself if yo sures to retrieve the loss to Russian want it done. * prestige :â€" must pass through its several stages; and if the patient can be properly nursed and his strength supported by suitable nourishment, it will ter~ minate in recovery of its own ac- cord. , You may give what drugs you please in such a case, but they will not hasten the crisis by as much as five minutes, because the disease has its own limits. This_fact is dead FALLACIOUS CURES. Much the same thing may be said. is a good type. “ These diseases run! their course, from the implanting of the contagion in the body to their final termination; and, dose the suf- ferers as you will, you inevitably dis- cover that their malady is not amen- able to treatment by drugs. In the chronic diseases, whether of long or short duration, there cannot be any such thing as “a cure.” An excellent illustration of this is seen in chronic Bright's disease, Where the normal structure of the kidney is quite altered, and a hard substance is formed, which replaces and de- stroys the healthy tissues, just as a. scar does theses-11 substance else- where. Can any rational person conâ€" ceive it possible that such a state of things can be benefited by medicine? Even if we could remove the newly- formed substance, it is quite certain we never could restore the parts of the kidney which would have been de- stroyed. Again, there is a large number of ailments which are in no sense of the word diseases, although they are palpably referred to as such, and are so described. As a matter of fact, they are merely FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENTS, some organ or another being for the time unable to work properly. Thus, if your watch 'has a wheel broken, there is actual damage to part of its machinery, and that is equivalent to disease; but if a par- ticle of dust is only interfering with its works, that is but a temporary derangement, and the equivalent of functional disorder. To speak of cure” in such interferences with the «body’s machineryâ€"in the mere dis- turbances of its functionsâ€"«by the ad. ministration of medicines is every bit: as senseless, and a gross misruse of works. In making-these assertions we do not deny that many drugs have a place in medical treatmentâ€" we simply state that they do not effect “a cure.” The symptoms of a disease may ofâ€" ten be alleviated by their useâ€"as, for instance, dyspepsia. But it is alâ€" together a mistake to call such a use of medicines “a cure,” because it is but dealing with a symptom, and affords but a temporary relief. To “cure” this trouble, in any true sense of the word, the cause of the indigestion must first be diseovered and then. effectually removed. TI-Illi‘. DANGER OF DRUGS. Take another exampleâ€"one which will illustrate both points, and which if! all too common in this country, the “cirrhotic” condition known as the inebriate’s liver. Here, again, we have the structure of the organ completely changed, and new material formed to such an extent that all the drugs of the Pharmaco- poeia) could not restore its' pristino perfection. What, then, is possible in such a case? In the first place, by medicine- We may relieve such symptoms as the nausea or vomiting of blood; then We can remove the causeâ€"that is to say, stop the supply of all alcoholic liquor. Yet such treatment as this cannot in any sense be called “‘a cure,” for the damaged liver, will remain damaged to the end of [the chapter. ‘ As Well might the surgeon who has amputated a leg refer to his work as a “cure” when he sees his patient limp on a Wooden stump, or perambulate-the streets with a wooden crutch. PATIENCE AND CAREFUL NURS- ING. It is quite time the public mind was put right in this matter of “cures,” for the extent to which people are dosing themselves with drugs is positively alarming. More- over, there is no medicine which does not to some extent interfere with the process of digestion, and when this process is already dis- turbed by disease it is worse than folly to still further upset it by needless drugs. So many ailments are associated with dyspeptic trouble that to en- danger a person’s life by putting fresh obstacles in the way of’ his asâ€" similating nutriment is only adding. to prevent “a cure.”-â€"Dr. Joseph Cater in London Answers. . _..._._.+_....._ SAFETY IN THUNDERSTORMS, V Excellent authorities agree that in. a thunderstorm the middle of a room 'A carpeted floor, or one covered by than bare wood. It is well to keep, away from chimneys and out of eel-i lars. In the. open air tall trees are dangerous. der 8. low tree or shrub 30ft. or 40 ft. from a large and lofty tree is quite safe. the high tree, as a rule, with few ex- ceptions. ductor, and it is well to avoid the banks of streams in a violent thunv derstorm. . ..â€"..__.§____ SHARP WORK. Probably the swiftest record ever, made in locomotive building has beeni accomplished at Philadelphia, wherei a firm of locomotive builders have) accomplished the remarkable feat of: turning out seven looomotives a. day.i The order was a hurried one for, the, lJapanese Government. - is much the safest place in a. house“ a thick rug, is better to stand 0111 A person sheltered unâ€"é. If lightning strikes in the immediate vicinity it will hit' Water is a very good con-i .. Wyn... ,. , .v ,..-..« w-r' ' .