BACK TO THE SUGAR BUSH 4 " ~-^-^M^ {low Some Farmers are Making a Success of the . Maple Industry . Just DOW everything points to a Wvira: of tbe maple syrup industry At Panada, not the haphazard prac- ce of driving a few spiles into the maple trees iu the lane, or along the edge of the wood-lot and setting ut every culinary vessel in the house except the steamer and the 'Hollander to catch the gap, but an Extensive, systematic business, with big sugar-bushes and up-to-date Equipment. Trees of other varie- "ties than the hard maple are gra- duaJly being culled from the graves set apart for this purpoee, espe- cially in Eastern Ontario and Que- Jbec, where the averag* maple grove contains from fifty to a hundred tapped tree* per acre, write* Mr. ftJex. HaoPheraon in the Farmer's Magazine. , There ii some controversy with ^egard to the number of trees that will give the maximum yield of Bap per acre. Possibly the ideal grove would contain a little over a hun- /Ired trees per ore, but aa the BU- 4 gar making quality of the sap de- pends on large leaf area the far- uisr will often find it neoessary to -thin out some of the poorer trees Jbo allow a greater crown develop- ,ment in the others. For sugar pro- duction a tree should have an ample , root system to furnish an abundant t supply of crude sap. a broad spreading top with big leaf surface 'to insure a good sugar quality, and a big long trunk for & storage tank. If the trees are to do their best, , then, the soil must be kept cool and moist, and farm, stock should not be allowed to run in the sugar bush war after year, tramping the sur- i face routa and browsing the branches, although It is generally oonskl-ered a good plan to let cattle browse the grove about one year 1 in every five or six to keep down > the underbrush, winch causes so . much loss and difficulty in gathering the sap. If you have an old grove it is likely to contain a number of over-mature trees that have passed the time of yielding good flows, and unless these are replaced the grove is k>=in;? ground. About the sim- " plest way to renew an old grove is to remove the old timber and ex- , elude th': farm stock, allowing the young seedlings to spring up every- where. \Vhile these are still young, road war a for sap gathering should be niado, and later the best saplings may bo encouraged by lopping the tops off the poorer ones. If cattle are let into tie grove when the pre- served eaplings are about ten feet high, the difficulty of getting rid of the vcunger brush will be solved. How They Did It Fifty Years Ago. Some of us remember, and most of us are {uni.ii.ar with the story in our old school readers of the way they madu maple syrup fifty years ago. A picturesque affair it was with the big iron kettle hung over the open tiro and the hot &ap emp- tied from one uncovered vessel to another aa it reached a certain tage in the "boiling do-wn" pro- cess. The leaves, sticks and ashes that ii.-u>i-ned to drop in mean- while, 'wore considered just A natur- al part of th* proceedings, and the tares and wheat were left together until the time of clarifying. Nor was it a matter of any concern that the process waa a slow one. Fuel was cheap and the old-time sugar- maker did not recognize the fact that sap, lik milk, is a very perish- able product, an excellent medium {or the development of fermentive organisms, and that not only is cleanliness important, but the more ili iv. and speedy the transforma- tion of the new aap to the finished product, the better. The modern sugar -maker keeps this in view in every detail in equipping his plant. Tilio ideal sugar house has walls ol house-siding or cement, cement roof and shingled ceiling-, with, a lean-to for storing wood-. Metal roofs are often used but are likely to dnj> while the boiling is going on. If the floor i not wholly of cement, there should at least be a pavement of cejueut or brick in front of the furnace tut a protection from fire. The house should be built on slop- ing ground so that-Wio sap can be emptied through a pipe into the storage tiink and from tihis into the evaporator. Where this i impossi- ble it will gave work to build an elevated bridge just back of the tor age tank, where tho load of sap may be hauled and emptied through a pipe from the gathering tank to the btorago tank. Perhaps live most important piece of equipment Jo the sugar house is the evaporator. A successful su- gar-maker say: ""We used to boll Our sap in an Iron kettle, used at afcber uines of the year in making potash and BC& eoap. It must have peen cleao, bu6 tie syrup was al- Eya dark and strong- flavored. en we got a sheet-iron pa-n, which was hotter, although ib still re- quired a lot of fuel and didn't turn out anything like th light, clean, deUo&to ev rup wo ihavo since get- ting v evaporator. " These pans with their corrugated bottoms par- titioned off to give a zigzag course to the sap, and set on an arch which usually ihaa a regular stove with large doors for firing, give rapid evaporation and are most eco- nomical of fuel. Being heavily tin- ned they are easily cleaned, and the syrup is always light and clear. In buying an evaporator it is not wise to get a small one while there is a possibility of ever wanting to in- crease the plant. An area of ten square feet of boiling surface for every one hundred trees tapped, is a pretty fair rule to follow in de- termining what size of evaporator to buy. When the Sap Begins to Run. We always try to have the wood cut and piled in the sugar house be- fore the snow comes in the fall, and make sure that we have enough spouta, buckets, etc., on hand be- fore the run begins. We use only tin buckets for catching the flow, as the galvanized iron, while it will not rust, is likely to discolor the sap, and wooden buckets, if it were possible to get them nowadays are hard to keep clean, and the sap of- ten sours in them. We find it pays to paint the tin pails outside to pre- vent rusting. The spiles are of gal- vanized steel, round and tapering, so as to hold a bucketful of sap when driven firmly into the tree. Being round they keep the air from the hole and guard against driving up, retaining sap to sour during a warm spell, or to freeze when the weather is cold. This year we are going to use covered pails almost entirely, as we lost so much sap during the storms last spring. I reckon on getting a pound of su- gar from a pail of sap, and out of one hundred and ninety pailfuls gathered after a rain the yield of sugar was only eighty pounds in- stead of one hundred and ninety, as it should have been had the rain water been kept out by covers. As sap deteriorates so rapidly af- ter it comes from the tree, I find it advisable to commence gathering as soon as there is a quart or two in the buckets. Pails with broad bot- toms are most convenient for this, and the gathering tank should be of heavy tin or galvanized iron, with an outlet near the bottom fitted with cotton hose for emptying into the storage tank, and circular in form, as the sap dashing about when the sleigh is hauled over rough ground, would soon rack a rectangular tank. The hose can be hookfd to the top of the tank while gathering. We fasten a double cloth and a wire strainer over the top of the tank, and that is all the straining the sap gets-. We strain the syrup once through three or four thicknesses of flannel. Sugar-makers agree that the more rapid the evaporation, the clearer, lighter and more delicately flavored will be the syrup. In the days of the old potash kettle the liquid was so deep in the vessel that the boiling was a tedious process. Someone was generally expected to sit guard all night with & piece of pork fastened to a stick to prevent too much, loss, by "boiling over." The corrugated bottom of the mod- ern evaporator exposing the sap to such an area of hot surface-, and the sap never being allowed to cover the bottom to a depth of over half an inch above these corrugations, makes the evaporation very rapid. Boiling, as everyone knows, helps to cleanse the product by bringing up dirt and impurities in a scum, which should be carefully removed. I used to carry this clarifying pro- cess further by adding egg white or milk to the boiling syrup, but have found that if care is taken to keep the sap clean it is unnecessary to use a ''settler," and it is possible that syrup may not keep quite as well where eggs or milk have been added. However, this is not a very important consideration. Perhaps the most delicate point in the whole process of syrup-mak- ing is to determine just the right "syruping off" point. An experi- enced hand may have tests of his own that prove satisfactory for him, but the beginner is safer to use a thermometer or saocharo meter. J. B. Spencer, B.S.A., gives the fol- lowing 1 rules for testing with a ther- mometer. "The boiling point of liquids varies with their density and with the rtltitude- above eea level. At sea level water boils at 212, sy- rup at 219, soft iiigar at 233 to 240, and hard sugar at '2-I-2 and 2-15 deg. F.ilir. The boiling point for each of these is lowered one degree* for about 500 ft. ascent. Since sugar groves are usually at some height above eoa level it i3 necessary, for accuracy, to test the thermometer in boiling water. At whatever de- gree the water boils there should be added for syrup 7 degrees, for soft sugar 26 to 28 degrees, and for hard sugar 30 to 33 dejrrees. If, there- fore, water boils at) 210 degrees, the syruping temperature would be 217, the soft sugar temperature 236 to 238, and the hard sugar tempera- ture would be 240 to 243 degrees each in a state of boiling. Conse- quently when the boiling syrup reaches these respective figures on the thermometer it is sufficiently dense to be drawn off for the pur- pose desired." The saccharometer or hydrometer is used for testing the density of the syrup either hot or cold. For test- ing boiling syrup the liquid is pour- ed into a vessel two inches in dia- meter and nine inches deep and the saccharometer placed in it. When the syrup is of standard weight the instrument will register 30% degrees. If it registers less, the syrup is too light, if more too heavy. In oold syrup (say at 70 de- grees) of the proper density, the hydrometer will settle to 35% de- grees. Before testing, the instru- ment should be brought to approxi- mately the same temperature aa the liquid. If you want to make sugar, it is a simple matter to boil this syrup down until it will form a hard lump when dropped into cold water, or until it will crack under pressure when poured on packed snow or ice. When the liquid threatens to boil over a few drops of sweet cream or a piece of butter are just as effec- tive as the fat pork commonly used, and there will be no danger of tainting the sugar. If you have al- ways run your sugar off into hard bJocks, try granulating some this year. When the syrup is boiled to the temperature of 240 or 240 de- grees, stir sufficiently to make the desired grain, pour into a mould and stir until it granulates. When dried out it may be pulverized if you like, and will be almost as fine and white as flour. This is delicious in cakes, cake icings, and for gar- nishing desserts, etc. Gare must be taken not to scorch the sugar while drying. DESRTS FROM GULF STREAM. Second Gulf Stream in Atmosphere Chilled Passing Over Sweden. The Gulf Stream, a* every one knows, is a broad river of warm wa- ter which starts in the Gulf of Mexico, wanders across the cold Atlantic Ocean and bumps into the British Isles giving them a warm climate and no end of fog and rain. But few peopl* know thai in the at- mosphere above there is a second Gulf Stream of warm, moist air. This slow, damp breeze strikes the British Isles and does not car- rom off like thu Gulf Stream, but continues over Europe. Ai it passes over Sweden, Finland and northern Russia, theue oold lands chill the wind and cause it to drop its moisture in the form of rain. The lakes and rivers of these northern countries are all supplied by the "moisture taken up from the Gulf Stream. The rotation of the earth makes this wind veer gradually to the southward about the time it has given up the last of its moisture and warmth. As a mighty draft of dry, cold air, the Gulf Stream wind moves on across the plains of Rus- sia. As it approaches the Equator the wind warms again but becomes ever drier. At last as it sweeps over Turkes- tan, Arabia and Sahara, it evapo- rates like a great sheet of blotting paper all water it meets, forming the desert* of Turkestan, Sahara and Arabia. Fortunately this de- vastating wind now leaves the con- tinent, becomes the trade winds and returns to its starting point at the Gulf of Mexico. Several somewhat visionary schemes have been suggested for al- tering the course of the Gulf Stream. One of the immediate re- sults of any such changes would be the shifting of the present deserts to other parts of the world. In Nova Scotia. Along the shore of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, are large tracts of inexhaustibly fertile dyked lands that have been reclaimed from the sea. This land lines the head- waters of the Bay of Fundy and ex- tends inland up its rivers. The strong tides of tthat bay, which are the highest in the world, gather up great quantities of sediment from its bed and shores. The depositing of this rich eediment along the banks of its headquarters has formed a great accumulation of deep strong aoil that has a wonder- ful prod-uctivo power. Indeed, when reclaimed from the sea by means of dykes, this soil is unsur- passed for growth ol grass and grain. Hay is tho principal crop (frown. The land need* no ferti- lizer of any sort and ipraet.icn.lly no cultivation. An, occasional plowing for a crop of oats, perhaps onee in ten years, will suflico, after which the land is generally brought at once into grass again. C morons to n Fault. Murphy "Did ye hear that poor Tim Casey's dead?" O'Flaherty "Ye don't say>soT" Murphy "Yes, an' Vs left aJl 'e 'ad to the Derry Poorhonse." O'Flaherty " 'Ow much did 'e lave!" Murphy "A wife an" ten children. " Financing The Canadian Northern Interesting Statement From a High Official of th e Company The persistent rumors of what is called "another raid on the treas- ury" by the Canadian Northern Railway has caused considerable discussion throughout Canada. That readers of tiiis paper may bet- ter judge for themselves we quote the following from an official state- ment recently issued by the com- pany : That the Canadian Northern Rail- way System has been subsidized in excess of its legitimate require- ments, and that moneys voted by Parliament have been diverted by Messrs, Mackenzie, Mann i Ob. for their own private purposes, are charges that have been made in the public press. These statements have been previously expressed private- ly, and the newspapers are now only putting into print ideas which have been repeated in Canada for some years. I propose to attempt an explanation of these matters, giving the official figures of the case frankly. There are few false statements made without some basis of truth, and few misrepresentations which have not had a more or less suppos- edly legitimate origin. The figures that have been quoted in the public press as to the bonds guaranteed and subsidies granted to the Cana- dian Northern are, as. rule, taken from the official Blue Books of the Dominion of Canada. One would naturally expect to find in these figures an exact account of the situ- ation ; but, curiously enough, a mo- ment's reflection will ehow that they may fail to portray correctly the relations between the Canadian Northern, or any other railway, and public assistance. There have been placed on the statiite books of Canada millions of dollars of cash subsidies which have never been earned, many of the subsidized companies having passed out of ex- istence, and millions of dollars of bond guarantees which have never progressed farther than the original authorizing legislation. The Cana- dian Northern is not an exception to this general statement. Guaran- tees have been granted by Provin- cial Governments for lines which have never been commenced, and which probably will not be built for years. These guarantees, with un- earned cosh subsidies to certain branch lines within the system, are charged up by statisticians, casual- ly referring to the Blue Book as against the constructed mileage of the Canadian Northern Railway System. It is the misuse, not the use, of the Blue Books which has created the false impre-ssion. So much for the origin of mis- representatkmj that have taken place. Now as to the facts: The Canadian Northern Railway Com- pany has under construction, and expects to have completed by the end of 1914, 9,843 miles of railway. There are completed 8,684 miles, and under operation 7,153 miles. The completed mileage has cost for construction and equipment to De- cember 31, 1913, $303,319,832. From the Dominion and the Provincial Governments, and from municipali- ties, up to tho fame date, there have been received, by the compan- ies forming the Canadian Northern Railway System, v/hList under the control of Mackenzie, Mann & Com- pany, $20,992,506, in cash subven- tions, or about seven per cent, of the total cost of the railway mile- age constructed. These figures are correct. They include all the cash subsidies received from public sources, as a sot-off against the three hundred millions of costs be- fore mentioned. When compared with the cah subventions given to either of tho other transcontinental railways, or when compared with the total cost of the work and the great economic good which has been and is being accomplished by the Canadian Northern Railway Sys- tem, these figures must disabuse the public mind of the idea that (.he Canadian Northern 'has been over- subsidized, its bond* over-guaran- teed, or, to put. it mildly, there- has been even an opportunity to re- invest the subsidies in outsida ven- tures. The critic, at this point, natural- ly asks what about the land grants. Let me explain iu a few words this almost hopelessly misrepresented feature of tho (.:!:?. Brii-Hy. ill-" grants were mad" Ivtwoen Isrt-J ,ind 1S90 to three companies: Tlip l.ako Manitoba Railway and C.'ina.l Com- pany, the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway Company, and tli" Manitoba and South-eastern Rail- way Company, for the construction i of certain defined lines in Manitoba- and the then Northwest If rritovios. The land* at that lime liad little value, as by reason of inadequate transportation faoilitios there was no eagerness to tako up farming in Western Canada, a-nd under the iiome&tea<l regulations tho few set- tlers coming into the country ob- tained all the In-nd they required for the discharge of homestead du- ties. Tho promoters, who had more confidence than finance, were- anx- ious for Western development, and hawked the charters from one end of Canada to the other, seeking, in vain, support from the financial in- terests. The promoters of the Win- nipeg and Hudson Bay Railway visited New York, London and Pa- ris in a fruitless endeavor to. arouse an interest in the undertaking. Years after the land grants had been authorized by Parliament, Messrs. Mackenzie & Mann bought the charters carrying the land grants, and built the railways. They did what the financiers of Can- ada, of the United States, of Eng- land, and of tfie continent had. af- ter careful scrutiny, repeatedly re- fused to do. However, this was not the course of action. The lands were turned over to the Canadian Northern and used for issuing land grant bonds. Lands were sold from time to time at market value, and tiheir proceeds applied in reduction of these bonds. Up to the 31st day of December, 1913, there were issued $24,000,000 of land grant bonds. The land grants made to the company, the charters and rights of which were secured by Mackenzie, Mann & Company, total 4,000,000 acres. The railway company got the benefit of these lands. It will not be denied that the Can- adian Northern Railway has shared in the work of development of Western Canada in the days when it was needed, when Western Can- ada had been for years practically stagnant. The railways in exis- tence at the advent of the Canadian Northern were located in the south- ern portion of Manitoba and the then Territories. The Canadian Northern Railway plunged into the comparatively unknown and unset- tled country of the North. It has succeeded in building up a territory which was ultimately to be, known as "The Bread-basket of the Em- pire." There have been expended by the Canadian Northern and its industrial agency, for colonization work, $2,910.000, or an equivalent of 14 per cent, of the total cash sub- ventions received by the ooinjianies under control of Mackenzie, itann & Company. In assistance of eastern lines, the Ontario Government has granted 2,000,000 acres of lajid, and the Quebec Government 749,540 ae res of land. These lands are wooded, and subjected to certain restrictions, therefore they must be considered in a different light to the infinitely more valuable prairie lands of Western Canada. So far neither the Ontario nor the Quebec lands have been of assistance to the com- panies in securing finance, and re- main uneelevted and unsold. The bonds of companies consti- tuting the Canadian Northern Rail- way System have been guaranteed by the Dominion and several Pro- vincial Governments, and up to De- cember 31, 1913, the companies have received the proceeds of bonds, so guaranteed to the extent of $131,- 322,600. There is no disposition on the part of the company to minimize the benefits of theee guarantees, but it must be acknowledged by the company's bitterest opponents that the guarantees have in no sense been subsidies to the company's undertaking, and tltat the compan- ies have faithfully discharged all of their interest obligations, in connec- tion with these guarantees. Tbe only benefit intended by Parlia- ment, or received by the comjpanies from the guarantees, was that of enabling the sale of bonds secured by first mortgages on better terms than would have been possible otherwise. Up to the 31st day of December, 1913, there a-lso have been expend- ed, for the purpose* of the several companies within the system $134,- 123,171, raised absolutely without Government assista-nco. When this amount is compared with the figures previously quoted 8* to cash sub- ventions, moneys raised from land grant-?, and moneys, raised by the guaranteed securities, it will be seen how little truth there is in t.'ie statement th<|. t.'u> Can.idi.in North- ern 'ha-s been built by public fund?. Witih the statistics that hnve bce,n given, it would appear almost un- necessary to deal with th state- ment, that money v^t-c-:! V> 1h" C,n- iidian Northern T{.ii!\ray S\-iin )>ns been <li^ ort-rd nn.' inv 1 -:^! V either Sir Wi'-'iia-m Macken/.ie or Sir Donn.ld Mann in Sonl.h America or elsewhere for their personal advin- (.nffp. T5ut, since the state TT.fc has been hinted nt by reputable y->nr- n.alist.9 it is deserving of an ans-wer. Sir LVmald Mann,, personally, ha-s never had an interest in South American securities. S-/-!i funds M Sir Willin.ni, Macke-i '>. iuvr be In South Amorir-i i r. invested from his persvin.'i 1 r trees. N"i Hher Sir William M.i /lii-n/ie JMT Sir Donald Mann has ever utilized the funds of tlv crsmrmnioR in the Cana- dian Northern Railway System for th-eir personal benefit. Thoy have i not even drawn upon th companiof '. for salaries or travelling expenses. .They have baen prepared to confine any benefits they may recf en-' tirely to their interest in tho com-' mon stock of the company, and iave devoted the Lett, of their years to the building up of what they believe' will be a transcontinental railway! system creditable to Canada. JOHN CAILKW OF LINDSAY. Great Captain of Industry Has Many Interests Outside of Fac- tories lie CuutrolH. John is his name, but hist intimate friends call him just plain Jack, and few apply the Mr. He is a big-heanuxl, good-natured person, and one of those indivi- dual who simply grow up with the "boys" and make good. Somehow despite the lack of knowledge thai is gained by close and diligent ap- plication to the rudiments of study- ing the three "R's" Jack always appears to get along well, and dis- plays in. no uncertain, way tihait the hard knocks gained by studying in the school of practical experience are, after all, the knocks that boost, until to-day, Mr. John Carew. the dynamo behind the John Carcw Lumber Co., of Lind- say, is the owner of one of the best and most up-to-date lumber milk in the Dominion of Canada, having very extensive limits tih-roughout the northern part of the Highlands of Haliburton. He is also the own- er of a thriving box factory and planing mill, employing, all told, hundreds of men. In a nutshell, Mr. Carew is one of these busy, busy business men, but yet one who finds time to mingle with his fellow- men, irrespective of creed or sta- tion, and extend the helping humd- to any worthy cause. He ia iden- tified with several big institutions in the town of Lindsay, his home town, where he. is a good citizen in. every respect. As president of tihe- Soulii Victoria Agricultural So- ciety, commonly known as the Lind- say Central Fair, he is the idol of uhe countryside, the Lindsay Fair to-day being one of the four best and largest in the province; as one of the gove.mors of the Ro Mem- oral Hospital he is recognized as Mr. John Carew. thorough business man; aa vice- chairman of the Lindsay Industrial Commission he wan largely instni- men-!a! in securing four splendid new industrial concern* fL>r the town in one year ; as chainmn of the building committee of the Hoard of Education. he has given the town praciccal knowiedge in the con- struction of two magnificent Pub- lic schools; as owner of two large tow boats he has been largely in- strumental in having the Lindsay e>nd of t.he Trent VaKey CajwJ pro- perly dredged and improved for all ni-aimer of -navigation ; ao i\ati\kn of the Lindsay Curling Club he has been a primo factor in placing tie name of Lindsay en the top rung in curlingdum the world over ; aa one of tihe first movers in tho build- ing of an up-to-daie garage ia. Liudsay he has abetted t.ho auto- mobile industry in Lindsay and, vicinity; as the owner of nev^rat hundred feet of river front ar.-l & large number of bnat-houees o:-. f'i Scugog iho has bettered t.he condi- tions of tho yachtsmen, giving them. wxcollen-t houn:j pjwp-itvvn as a director of the Horn Brosv. Woollen Mil! Co., Ldiniited, nn institution; employing over 160 h.vnds, h ha aided in giving eropioyroenit to A. larr:o UUmbeC of the ynung girls of t-h" town. ly.-.ch a BMB ' "\fi\ JoV.n Cnr^ir, c[ Lindsay, Ont.. on-? of tho f - < of industry vi tJi Dominion of Cnn:'!a,--F. W. "M-, in Tor.-nlo Star Weekly. Phonhooy The newly nir.rr':<! e"up!t> !; id' JH-.-D <: ?*;! i ': Ul nf their! . home for the- lir.-.; b1tne> r'.iaisoui- world, dear." li* -..;<!' i fx'f.ly, "In it \vo wii'l accompluli great. thin.." l!i:; pruiihct-y was coreetrt, Tnsiik 1 of <\vo Jtioiitl! ? <.K*y rver* : fighting (or th thunpiotmltlp ! th*