addres communication to aaronomlst 73 adelaide st west toronto cultivation of root crops the object of cultivation is four fold 1 to destroy and prevent the growth of noxious weeds 2 to de velop various degrees of openness of texture and uniformity of soil condi tions suitable to plant growth 3 to modify the movement of soil mois ture and soil air 4 to change soil conditions so as to make it either warmer or colder the cultivation of the soil should begin at the first indication of weeds in fact it is still better to make a start before the weeds get rooted to ex pose them to the hot sun in the ger minating stage is the most effective way to kill weeds if harrowing has been properly carried on cultivation may begin with a cultivator the teeth of which are 2 to 2m- inches wide but if the soil is soddy or lumpy a narrow- toothed cultivator will be necessary to do effective work be sure the cul- tivator has a sufficient number of teeth to cover the ground effectively that is so that the whole surface of the ground will be thoroughly stirred to a depth of from 2 to 3 inches the harrowtooth cultivator is the best to start with the teeth are nar- row they do not throw the earth over the young plants and one can culti vate closer to the plants without cov ering them later the larger tooth is better and as the cultivation season advances and the plants get well root ed the cultivator should bo narrowed and cultivation should be deeper in the centre of the rows the most ef ficient work can be accomplished by first going one way all over the field in a day or two cultivate again but go in the opposite direction to that of the previous cultivation cultivation should be continued at intervals just so long as the plants are not injured by horse or cultivator j the reasons for thorough cultiva tion are briefly as follows the soil particles are rounded in form and when massed together without being crushed they leave a large amount of unoccupied space this unoccupied space in the soil is needed for the movement of the soil water and air and the spreading out of the root fibres it is also the home of micro organisms which develop the available nitrogen used by the higher plants if these soil particles are too large and too loosely packed the soil permits the fainfall to pass through it too freely and the water is soon out ofj reach of the plants nor does it return rapidly enough under capillary action to meet the needs of the crop if the particles are too small and too closely crushed together the water moves very slowly and the air is excluded from the soil and when the water dries out the particles are cemented to gether too strongly by the salts which have become too concentrated to stay in solution consequently the root fibres are unable to set the soil par ticles aside the root system of the crops is prevented from proper de- velopment the plants are cut off from sufficient food supply and as a re sult the yields are reduced if thorough and continuous cultiva tion is carried on it will correct the detrimental conditions mentioned will lesson hand hoeing and increase the yield and profits which is one objec tive to be borne in mind in all farm ing operations afterharvest work against weeds the time to start fighting weeds is in the spring and among the pre requisites to success is the early sow ing of clean plump seed of suitable varieties in a seedbed that is well prepared as regards drainage fertil ity and tilth by starting the crop vigorously it is enabled to hold its own to the end with the minimum growth and seeding of weeds however in spite of the best of care there will al ways be weeds demanding some extra attention in cultivated crops this can be given the season through and espe cially before harvest in grain and hay there is little opportunity until the crop is off if not delayed then too long many of the weeds of these crops can still be taken in hand and some of them with the greatest of time liness some weeds like ragweed and rus sian thistle push up rapidly about this time where grain has been seeded weed growth may have to be kept down by the use of the mower but other stubble should be worked over by means of a disc harrow or culti vator or plowed very lightly besides preventing the seeding of weeds this also makes conditions favorable for the germination of seeds already in the surface soil which can be destroy ed in the later fall plowing some seedswild oats for example do not germinate readily if at all the first season but any farmer who has prac ticed afterharvest cultivation knows that considerable germination of many weeds can bo induced in favorable years afterharvest plowing of weedy hay fields is also desirable at the first op portunity that occurs such persist ent perennials as couch grass canada and sow thistles the hawkweeds ox- eye daisy etc are probably at their weakest after using up their reserves in the attempt to mature seed which timely cutting of the hay should pre vent plowing at this season is not always the easiest done but the dry ness of the ground if it does not pre vent thorough work is all to the good in weed destruction couch grass in deed might well be left alone unless the ground is somewhat dry the plowing at this time need not be deep for couch grass particularly it should be only deep enough to get beneath the matted surface rootstocks after plowing the object will be to drag the rootstocks into the drying sun by means of a spring tooth or other im plement thistles and sow thistles will not be so readily dragged out and can best be dealt with by the use of a duckfoot cultivator to keep all growth cut off as often as it appears the amount of fallowing thus possible after the removal of a crop should go a long way toward cleaning a field or at the least preparing for a cleaning hoed crop the following year a rota tion which allows of this procedure every three to five years will hold weeds reasonably well under control many of the worst weeds of crops are also commonly weeds of waysides pastures and waste places and should be cut by means of mower scythe or spud or handpulled after a rain if only to prevent their seeding places which can be broken up and cleaned may be later rcseeded if so desired us ing stronggrowing grasses and clov ers which will fully occupy the ground besides removing a menace to crops and often to the goodwill among neighbors a little puttering about in odd corners of the farm works wonders in making the old place more likeable after midsum mer such weeds rapidly become con spicuous and may well claim some of the hours or half days when wet wea ther has upset other plans the way to wallop quack grass begin the job by tackling an old meadow sod by j sidney gates if i can make clear the one simple and wellestablished principlo about quack grass killing we will be getting well along towards controlling this the worst of all weed pests on the farm this principle explains ragged experience with control methods ex- cat if you tackle it when it has the vitality of the frog there is a hard job ahead if you first get it into the catresistant stage before attempt ing to givo the final blow the killing is comparatively easy farmers who have killed out quack vs3 hay or grazed as pointed out in the plan for the destruction of the pest i its rootstock reserve rapidly diminish- j es and it soon falls dowa in yield of forage if old meadows are replowed every two or three years however the grass gets reestablished and the yield can be kept up but i have never seen many quack grass stands which the owner would not willingly trade for some other kind of growth it is a pest to be swatted root and branch o profitable methods of handling manure manure is worth money varying in amount depending upon the method of handling and upon the crops to which it is applied if the best methods can be followed at no greater expense than the poor methods the difference in profits represents the return upon in honor of brule intelligence it is one of the objects the first monument erected to the of tne experimental farms to dis- menigry of etienne brule the dis- 1 cover the best and most profitable coverer of lake superior and the first me of handling manure explorer who penetrated the lake re- j brief the cheapest and at the gions with a view to trade the gamc time the best methods of handl- memorlal was erected during dis- t manure to spread it on the field covery week at sault ste marie i da as it ma this method i avoids the losses of fertility which are bound the underground material i3 wh the manure is piled much less in extent and is confined to and re the amount of labor in the first three inches from the surface han to a minimum as the beginning with an old meadow sod greatet part of tho manure is made there is a much better chance to kill during the vrinter monthg the manuro out the quack entirely than where the cm bo spread when thc timfi of both beginning is made on just recently horse and manuai labor is not so make the rinso liquid first o not put rinso direct om the package into the lb mix half a package of rinso in a iittlsv cool water until it is like cream then add two quarts of boiling water end when the froth sub sides you will have a clean ambercoloured liquid add this liquid to the wash tub until you get the big lasting rinso suds then soak the clothes clean cultivated fields but tho spade will show the most surprising thing in a field that has valuable this is the method which is used in manuring sod land for corn on the central experimental farm been in meadow and then pastured for ottawa after considerable experience a couple of years it will show that th other mc whenever pos- the quack is scarcely fortified at ali this met is recommended the underground parts here are very however there are some circum- small in extent and usually are con- when this metnod should not fined to the upper two inches tms be used if there are many nox is the ideal place to begin the killing- out process weed seeds in the manure it is a mis take to scatter them about a field in in repeated tests i have killed out green manure the manure should quack by late summer tillage on both be a to rot in order to kill thesa old sod and old pasture land the task wee before spreading it upon the does not call for undue labor and this field the rotting of the manure is a labor comes at a time when other farmj very reliable method of killing all the work is not pressing wee see and as it is very poor tho best scheme i have tried is to business to plant viable weed seeds plow shallow some time in july it is tnis practice under such circum- important that this plowing be shal- stances should always be followed low the plow should run just under again if the land is very hilly so that tho mass of rootstocks where a gang t manure is leached away it is not plow is available it can usually be set good practice to spread itduring the to turn a very shallow furrow there w on the snow in this case it fc r i f t t i 5tj m ti for 1 k y ui x1 m rinso is as splendid for lha j regular family washing as lux is for fine fabrics sz jviijbn r4s2l v ife 1 lever brothers limited j toronto r305 w iii in home education the childs first school is the family froebel the golden years by edith lochridge reid a young mother stood on the porch and watched her little son trudge off to school for the first time alone her is also a special type of walking plow should be properly stored in the yard face was s and the yearning of made for turning a shallow sod it until the snow is off the land in the mo heart was almost trans- has a long gradually sloping mola- nort ontario and in northern into tears as she turned to a board and is usually sold under the quebec or in districts which have a eighbor and said i feel almost as if name hepteh bottom very spring manure applied on rd lost him five years seem a short this shallow plowing leaves the the snow causes t land to remain time to have him to myself whole quack plant root and branch frozen and wet late in the spring thus in w right near the surface if it is bur- delaying seeding this is a rather i the nel wisdom and ied deen it is likely to live over the u ifit ht 111 experience smiled encouragingly and ied deep it is likely to live over the objection sometimes especial- winter and be on hand to start growth ly when g or a crop of green feed i n b e tjl again next spring and coming from is to bo grown which is to bo planted deep down in the ground it is hard to ear than is necessary for corn kill out but with the whole plant where for any reason it is neces- kept right near the surface going sa to store manure in the yard be- over every two or three weeks with a fore drawing j to the field some disk harrow or springtooth harrow s precautions should be taken to will usually finish up the killing jobj avoid excessive and expensive losses before frost if there is any doubt moreover as these losses in a large about all life being extinct a smother measuro are avoidable it may be in- j take a c j tnose golden crop the next summer can be counted teresting to give the matter some vears isn itv golden time full of loving training rich in home influence every day of which was a preparation for this little journey on which he has just started well i hope ive succeeded in giv ing him the right things to take with him observed the young mother seri ously but its a big responsibility to on to finish up this work i study perhaps the greatest loss is quack grass is especially adapted to incurred from leaching the water the smother crop treatment becauso it fro the eaves of the barn being al- sticks close to the deep rich lands at least hereis where it becomes the worst pest some densegrowing crop suited to local conditions should bo used for smothering smother crops lowed to drip into the manure pile and the soluble fertility in consequence being drained away this can be avoided by placing the manure in a cheap shed or shelter of any kind if however are of little or no avail ur t is possible it is wise to allow the less the quackinfested land is of bet ter than average fertility tho smother crop method of killing quack to be economical must utilize some crop having a value over and above its quackkilling qualities buck wheat has developed a good reputation stock access to this shed because the trampling of the manure excludes the air and reduces the losses of fertility furthermore if it is convenient the horse and cow manure may both be placed in this shed so that the horse manure will not suffer such heating the biggest responsibility my dear agreed the neighborly advisor and then added but ill whisper a secret the rewards of this duty well- done are the sweetest and most satis fying in the world yes the golden years are the sweetest and fullest of opportunity so lets enjoy them and live happy nor mal everyday lives with our chil dren we can never tell them how to act that is a flitting method of train ing but we can show them how we meet difficulties and problems and dis appointments with fortitude and a smile and then most important of all allow them to meet their own trials poultry when new cockerels are needed for a range flock it often pays to select them in the late summer and let them grow up together this prevents a lot of fighting that may result if full grown cockerels from different sources are placed together during the winter the early buyer also has a good se lection of the best early maturing males at a price much below their win ter value the best breeding cockerels are birds that show signs of good size for the breed early maturity and a bright intelligent head with medium beak if you have pedigrees back of the birds that is desirable but do not take birds on their pedigree alone i have seen plains why the plan that worked the are usua thosc w have usually downfall of quack in one case proved accidentally started the smothering to he utterly impotent when the job cl work on the already was tackled in another field on the weakened krass whereas those who farnl j jhave failed though using the same in addition to the one fundamental plan have tle main gone at tho principle there are two general plans jol ha and tongs just where in use to kill quack grass one is and whcn the pest got to be the worst known as tho smother plan and thoi other as tho tillage plan in both the strategy to be used in weaken- cases tho quack is killed because it is q grass is very simple and aj prevented from making aboveground few mutes with aspade out on most growth it tokes leaf surface and a quack mfested farm will enable sunlight to keep alive a plant keep- j ehec p on what i have to say ing down leaf surface or keeping what r t s wl show a cultivated is produced so cut off from sunlight fcid whe k that it cant function kills by much well established that there is a full the same process as drowning an stan xtzti eary animal against it that the ground down to the now some animals have to be kept ta sice s completely under a long time to drown whereas vth t flocks tins with others the process is relatively m sto p which short you would have a hard time f put l draw on ncxt drowning a frog though it can bo lmj h to hone but a cat dumite it routed attempt to kill it directly when so well done but a cat despite its reputed iime- lives succumbs very quickly established as this quack rass is almost as variable in tiie smother method of eradication its response to the killing process no and then thc spade will show on a matter whether tho tillage or smother picco of old meadow land that tho plan be uned as aro the f rag and tho pest has become more or less root for its smothering effect if the land j a it would were it piled separately is kept well cultivated up until some- if the manuro must be drawn away time in late june and then seeded from the yard and cannot be spread thickly to buckwheat the quack al- 0 the field a largo pile should be ways gets a jolt and if the land is made with straight sides and the top rich enough to make a heavy buck- 1 sloped somewhat to the centre in order wheat growth the grass is pretty well to catch the rain thus keeping the down and out by fall manure sufficiently moist and avoid- any farmer who has not yet got this t ing excessive losses of fertility pest on his farm should always be on so far as their influence upon the tho lookout for its arrival the scedj growth of crops is concerned unrotted may come via baled hay grain secdj and rotted manure are of equal value for planting or it may be brought for twentyone years experiments from a neighbors farm by a threshing were conducted at ottawa with the outfit if identified while confined to result than an average yield of 217 a few small patches here and there bushels of wheat were secured on land on a farm the most heroic and ex- to which unrotted manure was applied pensive methods can sometimes be ad- and 216 bushels on land to which rot- van tageously used on these small in- tod manuro was applied with man- feted spots covering over the whole gels 205 tons were secured from un- area with building paper a heavy rotted manure and 202 tons from rot- grade of tarred paper should be used ted manure these yields arc strik- lapping the paper and extending it ingly uniform and show beyond ques- several feet beyong the infested spot tion that neither class of manure will and covering the edges with dirt or produce larger crops from equal am- stonos to prevent blowing away will omits of application however as the f kill out the grass in a single season rotting process causes a considerable complete exclusion of light is what loss in weight it is evident that a does the trick much larger supply of manure will be plant poisons arc sometimes used available from the unrotted source on these small patches this treat- another important point which iia3 ment however not only is quite ex- been learned from experimental work pensive but thc poison puts the land that smaller applications of manure out of commission for raising other either made more frequently or cov- crops for a considerable period after cring larger acreages have proved the quack has been killed common more profitable than heavy applica- salt in quantity sufficient to kill most tions while it is impossible owing to plants is the one poison which seems thc difference in the fertility of var- to have little or no effect on quack ious soils to prescribe exactly what grass night be called smaller applications but for its tenaciousness in cult- it may be said in a-gerierahvaythat- p vated fields quack grass would be a at ottawa an application of 15 tons f ft tom 1 splendid addition to our domesticated per acre has given as good returns in i w ha or again from cod air plants it makes good hayfar rich- a fouryear rotation as an applical the extent of the trouble will vary er than timothy it carries 54 pounds tion of 18 tons per acre in a three- nf p u the sensitiveness j of of digestible protein 48 pounds oi di year rotation in other words an skn mannc w gestible carbohydrates and only 23 application of 3i tons per acre pcr condition has had the length of pounds of crude fibre to 100 pounds of year has given as good results as an alone in their own way not to pro tect from the world but to prepare for life in the world is our duty as mothers during the golden years some mothers out of their tender love err in giving too much super vision in early childhood if we see an aggressive playmate taking more than his share of toys in the yard our first impulse is to help our child to maintain his rights but unless tho encounter threatens to grow beyond his strength it is much wiser to let tiny son fight his own battles ho must do it some time and the older he is the harder it will be to start selfreliance is an absolutely nec essary asset to success in life and the child thatgoes out equipped to make his own decisions and look after his own personal interests without too much assistance will have fewer griefs and hard knocks in those first five years our child gets his ideals for lifes conduct he may never have heard the ten com mandments or the golden rule but ho has seen them acted if he is in the right kind of a home he isnt on the fence in regard to right and wrong ho has learned by seeing mother handle situations that a thing is either right or wrong but that there is no neutral ground so while wo all may have ideals of conduct for our children in after years the possibilities for attainment during early childhood are manifest and measured by their response to temptations in the home environment treatment should be given early and then it should cause very little or no inconvenience teats that are soro and tender should be treated after each milking with an ointment made of vaseline ton parts and oxide of zinc one part if the condition bo- comes pretty serious before treatment has been started it may bo well then to use an antiseptic solution and balho the teat in this for this bichloride of mercury can be used one part to one thousand parts of water a two per cent solution of crcsol or creolin may be used but the mercury is as good as any fill a cup with the solu tion and place it against the udder with the teat suspended in tho liquid for several minutes this should bo two cockerels from the same mating u after each milking then paint showing great variation one is the tha with the following one part ow feathering typo and about half of tincture of iodine in four parts of the size of the other at four months one shows weak vigor the other a picture of strength and vital ity there is no question of which type you wish to multiply p dairy chapped or cracked teats in the cows arc more common than usual this summer probably due to the dry sea son although this condition may be brought about by many causes such as walking in wet grass or through mud holes nnd streams also from wading in manure or lying in wotbed- fciyecrinc paint this on with a camel- hair brush time the animal has been affected etc at first the teat is very dry and red hay timothy has only 33 pounds of application of g tons per acre per protein and only 447 pounds of carbo- year this difference is quite marked tedef 3vm1 um -n- hydratos with crude fibre running up on is very important to 283 pounds to 100 pounds of hayl but quack does not make a lastingly knlli sprin trtirrnt the om w jb rly fur all cn3 r curb rlnjv tmygrowti tirt lrfra other cmi knni far irorr than forty ycnrm ktixtnlli gjxvl i cure it fcai the boree wort re not lonjluir whet it be doae for otberelt will u yoi ctepftbottleof kendalls spavin treatment hamr eo yi can uee itqafrkty when tbe fieel rtee a bottle na7 bare a hr fr yu fle worth while toberady ak yotr dealer the beat time yea ere lntown tnarthleedrertlienaeuloottoremlndyon sou eevrywtere get e free copy of a treeuee on the llota-y- at yoor drurgtate or write ua -oarjiar- fr uoree ttceiment eleo kenned fee ifunan uee public service is one of the coun- pjod hay meadow or pasture cut for trys greatest needs restlessness of the cow during milk ing if this is allowed to exist for nny length of time without treatment deep cracks will form in the toat i ldrt a j ens r ifott kendall company vjr rh vl usa 9 issue no 35 23