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address communications to a 73 adelaide 8t west toronu summer feed for cows i tiding the cows over the dryj period of summer is a difficult and important matter for us dairymen cows which freshen late in winter and in the spring produce well for a short time and then fall off heavily in the milk flow due very largely to the decline of pasture and the lack of some early maturing succulent fced oats and peas make an excellent j combination for summer feeding i have grown them heretofore for for age with excellent results the crop may be cut green and fed as a soiling crop or matured and stored i would bow one and onehalf bushels of oats and one bushel of peas to the acre as early in the spring as the soil can be made ready where a large acreage of clover hay is grown some of it can be cut early and used for feeding i have done this as early as the fifteenth of june alfalfa can be used in the same man ner a neighbor has been feeding al falfa as a soiling crop and likes it very much for the purpose for summer and early fall feeding i have been growing a small acreage of sweet corn for my cows it is ready at a time when pasture begins to decline in quality and aids mate rially in keeping up the milk flow sweet corn is highly palatable and produces a large tonnage of fodder i sow the corn as early as possible after the early spring crops are in upon good clover sod whch has received a covering of manure during the winter about twelve quarts of seed per acre are required leo c reynolds the childrens hour bestfilled kernels this seed will ger minate quickly sending forth strong hardy shoots by following this plan year after year the same strain of oats will in crease in weight as well as in yield since we adopted this plan we raise from 25 to 30 per cent more oats than we were able to raise before there is no waste in this method as the light oats are used for feed whereas if the oats are sowed without cleaning a large percentage of the light kernels will not germinate and will therefore be wasted smut in oats will reduce the yield to a large extent however this is easily prevented by the formalin treatment i find that the amount of seed to sow per acre varies greatly according to the condition of the ground in sow ing grass or clover seed with oats it is not safe to sow tho oats too thick we have raised our best crops by sow ing from 2 to 3 bushels of oats to the aero this leaves room for a good seeding for the next years hay crop when grass or clover are not sown in connection with the oats 8 to 3 bushels to the acre is a safe amount to sow on wellprepared ground con taining plenty of fertility when farmers are annoyed by oats lodging most generally it is supposed that the land is too rich this is not always the case however it is often because the soil lacks some essential clement the soil may lack potash which gives strength to the stalk if fertilizer containing a goodly amount of potash is applied this trouble may often be overcome l m d how i raise better oats from experience covering over twenty years i find that most inferior oat crops are due to inferior seed i do not mean that farmers intentional ly sow inferior seed but rather that many farmers sow inferior seed with- out being aware of the fact i find that the cost of improved seed is very low considering the good re sults that are sure to follow its use nor does good seed necessarily mean highpriced seed good seed will make a rapid early growth which is very essential to a good crop of oats a good crop is rarely seen from a field that makes a slow growth in the spring just as much labor is re quired to sow poor seed and harvest a small crop as to sow first class seed and harvest a good crop hence the balance is all in favor of tho better seed a good way to secure good seed oats is to take a good variety of native oats and run it through the fanning mill three or four times until only the largest and plumpest kernels remain we fan out about 40 per cent of our oats leaving only the strongest and apple aphids easily con trolled aphids on apple trees are quite easily controlled by the use of a spray containing limesulphur and nicotine applied just as the insects are hatching out in the spring there are two kinds of aphids com monly found on buds of apple trees in the spring one known as the rosy aphis and the other as the green apple aphis the feeding of these insects results in dwarfed misshapen fruit unfit for market and is frequently a serious loss to growers experiments have demonstrated that thorough spraying with a mix ture containing two and onehalf gal lons of limesulphur threequarters of a pint of nicotine sulphate and water to make 100 gallons at the time that the tips of the leaves of the fruit buds protrude from onefourth to onehalf inch will control tho pests most effectively careful spraying from the ground and under the tree rather than from the top of the spray tank is regarded as an important factor in the control of these pests my nest up on a hilltop ever so high theres a grassy nest where i love to lie there i keep very still and watch until all kinds of wonders pass me by theres a flutter of wings a bird draws near he knows im a friend and he has no fear he swings to and fro on a branch below and trills a song that i love to hear bright as the sun and blue as the sky flutters a brilliant butterfly i can hear a deep humming a bumblebees coming he crawls deep into a flower near by hello mr squirrel so gay and so bold you laugh although you pretend to scold your face looks puffed for your cheeks are stuffed as full of nuts as they can hold a crimson lizard i can see he basks in the sun and he watches me his bright little eyes show no surprise perhaps he thinks i am part of the tree a sea gull floats through the blue of the sky he flaps his wings with a wild shrill cry just over the grasses a dragon fly passes and locusts snap their wings as they fly running along with a jump and a bound comes mr field mouse now what has he found he looks so merry in his mouth theres a berry then he disappears in his hole in the ground so now do you see why i love to lie in a grassy nest on the hilltop high and just keep still and wait until such wonderful things come passing by ethel c brown in youths companion horse horse stalls so arranged that a heavy inch rope stretching across each stall behind the horses saves the necessity of halters the attachments for each rope are made in a black smith shop and must be reasonably heavy and bolted firmly to the stall one end of the rope is fastened to a ring- and bolted to the stall the other end has a heavy hook to drop into a ring when fastened arrange that the stalls are high at the front end so horses cannot reach each others heads this method of fasten irig prevents the horses backing up and kicking at each other horses that attempt to kick at another while passing behind soon learn that the rope is there and is effective horses are easily cared for and apparently enpoy the greater freedom of their bodies when not tied by the head tho halter headstalls are hung up in case of need but are rarely used building up the poultry flock inthis bulletin oil poultrykecping in town and country mr f c el- ford dominion poultry husbandman gives some invaluable advice on how to get puro breeds he points out that the old theory that mongrel stock gave the best results has not proved true in experiments the foundation stock ho says should be pure but there j should be a continuous selection year after year only birds of tho bcst typo and strongest constitution should j be bred- it js advisable for a poultry j keeper who does no trapnesting to j purchase a cockerel each year from a good laying strain and use him rathorl thanorio of his own brecdihgv in buy tag cockerels it is wise to get them if possible from tho same ibrcedert as tho original stock came frqm onoway to obtain purebred stock is totmycggs breeding stock or day- 1 old chicks ahothorway is to buy purebred males and grade up the flock already onthetpiant the latter i way is recommended toincreaso the j egg yield butjls- not- advised for the purpose of- changing a mongrel flock into a puro bred- eggs for hatching should bo obtain ed from hardy jtock known to ba goodl winter layers anclcohformlng to thai general breed typo the nearer home tho eggs can be purchased other things being equal the better it should bo remembered in exchanging eggs with neighbors that- breeding 4 eggs are worth more than market eggs never advises mr elford be- cause they are cheap buy eggs for breeding purposes late in the season in a climate like that of canada chicks hatched before the middle of j may give the best results though with good care they may be hatched several weeks later but if pullets are not well developed before winter comes they should never bo used for breeding late hatched chicks are seldom worth the trouble it costs to raise them breeding stock can bestbe bought in the fall but if the buying has been left to spring then v wait- until the breeding season is over it is wise to stick to the same variety arid buy if possible from tho same source each year in selecting a malebird choose a bird that is strong in tho points in which the hens are weak if the practice of buying a new male bird each year is followed the male bird should be taken from the flock as soon as the breeding season is over and the cockerels disposed of or separated from the flock before they become troublesome weedless farms to keep farms free from weeds few methods give such good results as a systematic short ration of crops with i regular seeding down to grass orl clover nt short intervals remarks the dominion seed commissioner in his- bulletin on weeds and weed seeds weeds aro most in evidence in dis tricts where tho production of cereal i grains predominates and where the systematic alternation of crops is not generally practiced thorough culti- vntion with a systematic rotation of j crops combined with the maintenance of as- many sheep as can bo kept to advantage is a certain and profitable means of keeping weeds under control but superior to all suppression meth ods is precaution in the sowing of clean seed that is seed that has been as perfectly purified as possible and which comes off clean land in many cases proper sieves in the fanning i mill will remove most of the weed seeds how a bird flies how many of us can answer the question how does a bird fly it seems simple enough and yet it is a problem that the wisest in such mat ters have made a study the most prominent fact about a bird in which it differs from every other creature except the bat and in sects is its power of flying for this purpose the birds arm ends in only one long slender finger instead of a full hand to this are attached the quills and small feathers on the upper side which make up the wing observe how light all this is in the first place the bones are hollow then the shafts of the feathers are hollow and finally the feathers themselves are mahh of the most delicate fila ments interlocking and clinging to one another with little grasping hooks of microscopic fineness an open wing forms a hollow on its under side like an inverted saucer when the wing is forced down the upward pressure of the air caught under the concavity lifts the bird up much as you hoist yourself up between the parallel bars in a gymnasium this explains how the bird keeps itself in the air but how does it sail forward at such terrific speed he never in this way could get ahead and the hardest question is still to be answered now the front edge of the wing formed of the bones and mus cles of the forearm is rigid and un yielding while the hinder margin is merely the soft flexible ends of the feathers so when the wing is forced down the air under it finding this margin yielding the easier will rush out here and in so dojtig will bend up the ends of the quills pushing them forward out of the way which of course tends to shovo the bird ahead this process quickly repeated by tho flapping of- the wings results in the bird moving forward in its flight rural opportunities boys and girls as well as adults wjio are fortunate enough to live in cither small towns or in the country have golden opportunities to make life easy for all kinds of dumb an itcause they live where the animals live not all of the humane propa ganda should be distributed in cities one can readily see animals used on the farm often suffer when this could be alleviated were there some boy or girl or older person who would make the effort to see that animals are given proper care and treatment instead of viewing your fate as un fortunate because of the fact that you have to live in the country or in a village you should be thankful that you were born so close to nature you have opportunities to study wild life and to help conserve it that many city folks envy humane clubs could well be organ ized in various rural communities and much helpful propaganda could be spread a country store church or schoolhouse could serve as a meeting place humane literature could be distributed from small libraries found in villages or from the rural school nature studies could be made by classes whose pupils would not have to go far before finding something to study this is one way by which monotony can be routed and the good part about it will be that you are helping to make the world lovelier and the life of dumb animals more comfortable some day you may move away from the country though it is to ba hoped that you will not and what you havej learned about nature and all forms of wild life will be of considerable value to say the very least it will prove a pleasant wholesome memory decide that you will do something along this line in your community now do not wait until conditions seem more promising there is a great work for you to do in your community o approved poultry flocks with a view to improving the farm poultry in the province of manitoba the department of agriculture at ot tawa has set about the establishing of approved flocks of barred plymouth rocks these flocks are intended to provide the source of improved breed ing stock and hatching eggs for the use of farmers this work is in charge of the manitoba poultry pro moter of the live stock branch who enters into agreement with farmers wishing to take it up under the agreement the breeder places his flock in the hands of the promoter who sees to it that only approved hens and cocks are kept for breeding purposes and that only eggs from approved parentage and up to a required stand ard are incubated laying records are to be kept and during the season the flock is to bo culled by an official of the department these and other requirements are to be observed for a period of three years the poultry promoter during this period and afterwards will assist in securing a market for the produce of the flock and render such other assistance as will enable the breeder to keep his flock up to a high state of quality and profit the details of the scheme are published in pamphlet no 25 of the department of agriculture which is available from the publications branch of the department at ottawa this pamphlet also explains the prin ciples and requirements of the record of performance a for poultry by which certificates of production are granted for trapnested hens that lay the required number of eggs in a year the live stock market top prices for steers were a shade lower in the week ending april 12 at montreal and toronto when compared with the same date last year but at winnipeg there was no change andat calgaryand edmonton they were 65 cents and 50 cents respectively better according to dominion live stock branch reports calves showed no change at toronto were a trifle lower at montreal and at winnipeg al- i though ahead of the previous week but manifested an improvement at j both calgary and edmonton hogs were steady at the previous weeks prices at toronto and montreal but were weaker at the three western points lambs were up 100 in all the markets compared with last year and unchanged as regards the pre vious week sales numerically all along the line were greater than last year excepting calves which showed a slight falling off up to date this year the cattle billed through have been 34103 against 20517 for the same period of 1922 hogs 56150 against 18760 and sheep 15755 against 18559 fresh air and bov said as the report of the ministry of health of great britain a sanitary environment and sound nutrition are the great safeguards of health home education the childs first school is the family froebel an old fashioned quality respect by carrie a ritter mother had a henparty yesterj day gleefully exclaims a young girr of sweet sixteen mother had seven old hens here and you ought to have heard them cackle and seen them eat ice cream i many people might call this a cute uptodate speech but the mother of this same girl complains mary is not respectful to me she thinks im old too and ill not be fiftysix until sep tember i dont see why she talks so about my age casually observing these cases we wonder how much of this is training or rather lack of it we notice the same attitude in the parents not in frequently in speaking of or to elder ly relatives children are often al lowed to be saucy to their grand parents or to their elders so it comes to us that the atmos phere in which a child is reared is responsible for his respect or dis respect for those older or in authority sometimes it is not the words so much as the tone in which the parent speaks of an elderly person that conveys dis respect there has always seemed to me to be a natural bond between children and very elderly persons the little ones love stories which the older ones can tell delightfuy i know of a case in which a grandmother and her only granddaughter are chums they camped together for a month when the rest of the family did not care to go grandma had the time of her life explained the girl only we did eat such a lot both of us it kept her busy the young folks used to come over too grandma let us have all kinds of fun and invited them to meals she seemed to enjoy it as much as i did it was the same girl who said of her grandmother grandma does not hear very well over the phone in fact sho does not hear it ring unless she is in the room with it but dont hesitate to call up there are some persons sho can understand so sho will answer if possible does not this sound better than shes deaf as a post whats the good of her trying to understand anything no use your telephoning unless mother is home or i am we wonder yes we wonder very much if the attitude of sons and daughtersinlaw to aging widowed mothers has anything to do with the way young people speak of grand ma old folks arent wanted you hear it often perhaps they are not but sometimes it may be their own fault because years before they allowed themselves to speak carelessly of other elderly persons forgetful of the law of suggestion let us be thankful for the mothers who taught us that filial respect and consideration wore their due that members of the generation older than themselves were to be treated with deference loving care and gentle thoughtfulness for their comfort and that selfishness and dis respect for our seniors are neither more uplifting nor ennobling to our own characters than they are pleasant to the elderly people the granary converted into an elevator the average farm granary with bins eight feet or more in height with a storeaway attic usually not economic a granary elevated on piers four feet or more and the bins extended to the eaves doubles the carrying contents at small cost an elevator shaft with cups is a com paratively cheap equipment a four to sixhorse power gasoline engine is used for driving the belt to elevate tho grain grain arriving at the ele vator can be scooped into the grain dump at a rapid rate reloading grain from bins by grav ity into the alleyway in bags or other wise leaves only a few hundred bush els to be scooped out of the bottom reloading can also be accomplished through the elevators operation and spouted into the grain tank the ex amination of any grain elevator in your market town will give the basic ideas for remodeling a granary into a farm elevator for storage a grain tank and the elevator reduce the bags necessary on the farm to the mini mum these fixtures are permanent while bags are in a constant condition of deterioration a roof over the end of the granary elevator used for the dump for un loading makes a good place for the grain tank to stand when not in use a fourfoot alleyway running through the building at right angles to the dump gives access to all the four bins this economy of space necessitates an outside stairway all the windows of tho granary are removed except in the alleyway grain which may be wet and inclin ed to heat can be changed to other bins through the elevator with com parative case and given quite a good aeration j mcbride the fall for fattening feed them heav ily on mash feed composed of what grain are available corn being in especial favor and feed occasionally whole grain to whet the appetite to distinguish pullets and hens i have difficulty at times in dis- tinguishing pullets from young hens what is the best plan to pursue writes a northumberland county poul try raiser a good way is tt ad vised by tho dominion poultry hus bandman namely to legband the pul lets each fall using year about the right leg and the left leg when the pullets are being selected for keeping put a band on the right leg of each pullet in the next year put the band on the left leg you will then know that the rightlegged banded birds are hens if preferred the legband may ba used only every other year and the distinguishing marks would be tho birds without and those with a band the legbands are made of aluminum or other substance that can be fasten ed around the birds leg without trouble when calves can be slaughtered for food n e ontario county what is the age at which calves may be slaugh tered regulations adopted under the meat and canned foods act provide that no animal under three weeks of age may be slaughtered for food before we know it we will be com plaining about hot weather in this backward spring doing tho right thing at the right time is what counts the farmer success is going to de pend upori the business he gets if he waits for the buyer to look him up or hlsneighbors to tell everybody about his goods ho is expecting too much of human nature and it will bo a long time before his sales will reach any noticeable volume j zgmim mm the west for another crop the western farmer isalways optimistic in the spring and in spite of the talk of limited markets and other adverse conditions canadian farm ers arc preparing for a big crop oain this year feeding geese and goslings geese like ducks require a large proportion of roughage in the feeding ration this can- be best supplied in the winter by the use of clover hay and roots in summei- if given the range of a good pasture a flock of geese require little else unless extra rapid growth is desired according to dominion experimental farm bulletin no 91 goslings require warmth and rest the first day on the second day they should be placed where they will have free access to a plot of tender grass or should be supplied with all the succulent green food they will eat together with mash fed three times ai day if they are to be marketed as green geese it is advisablo to feed mash heavily from the start if uioy are to be kept as stock use more hard j grain and when the goslings arc strong enough let them have the free- dom of ranftcnn the pasture lands and they will require only a light feed j of mash in the morning and grain at night for fattening ducklings and gos- lings feed a mash moistened to al crumbly state consisting of 1 part bran 2 parts short3 3 parts corn chop 10 per cent iwef scrap about 5 per cent sand reducing the green food to about half the quantity previously fed give plenty of water at fulin time when geeso have been on pas ture all summer and are penned inj baby chicks and ducklings from stkruxo stock april chicks make rare winter layers winter layers ire moneymskers all varieties to ehoose from laying stock only write for elrcular to toronto heights poultry supply co ltd 2043 dufferln st toronto metallic gs never crack or fall off sendor our free booklet c the tvletaiic roofing co limited 401 1194 xing st w toronto seebbbnbsab3bm o tils took ton cannot afford be nllloul it it colt ou nctlilujrt if you o turu it iiw you luudrcis of floura 5be book a trait on tbo bona is yoir for too ai at your draff cists tliehorteaedall atoit lira bla dlieares bow to revcttuo tbaro raa t todo about tbera inth clusters on breadlne tbs ad aboclnc tveilng -n- ruiy ulcj aud pnvrea boractaena re trltes aik reur drurrttt for o e f of a treat oata iloreer sntlouiutreev- 12 dr bj kendall co zmtkuti fslo vt usa 53s m 3 k i- sasad issue no 19 23