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3 f 2 f 'DEVOTED. 10 ANTI-SLAVERY, EMIGRATION, <& S NSS) AN : + wi o. = « NU TEM ADVERTISER. * # VOLUME IL} -- "SELF RELIANCE I$ THE TRUE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE," TORONTO, CANADA WEST, SATURDAY, APRIL 21, 1855. PORANCE, AND GENERAL LITERATURE, . | PROSPECTUS ar Sete Dy, uniform life at one place, are the healthiest, hails I thought you be. like int pie a 2 not ere her. . She never gore a Ihe cies ot Eee aoe uae Be hand cape maar ; AN ~~~ | wealthiest, and probably the happiest people | the answering these questions is pretty dilh- | atlections of a young person, nor ever >| Wag the expens 2EP. GUC», ; ast PROVINCIAL 7 REEMAN From the London Christian Reformer. there. A few ae roatdende me ad tldbe, cult; but I will try and di it, by telling you till she leaves off fretting. a 33. per cent, Pak, AUN pet profit, and _.. And Weekly Advertiser. (if one's own,) with a reasonable amount of | what kind of persons I thiak are adapted to] 4, Jt Defeats the end «f Family Govern- allowing for increase in tumbers. every The Provincial Freeman will be devoted to Anti- Slavery, Emigration, Temperance and General Literature. The organ of no particular Political Party, it will open its columns to the views of men ot different political opinions, reserving the right, an independent Journal, of full expression on Brice or projects affecting the people in a political way; and reserving, also, the right to ex- press emphatic condemnation ofall projects, hav- ing for their object in a great or remote degree, the subversion of the principles of the British Gonstitution, or of British rule in the Provinces. -Not committed to the views of any religious sect exciusively, it will carefully observe the rights of every sect, at the same time that a reser- vation shall be made in favor of an existing dif- ference of opinion, as to the views or actions of the sects respectively. -- : nes 'As an advertising medium, as a vehicle of in- formation on Agriculture,--and as an enemy to vice in any and every conceivable form anda promoter of good morals, it shall be made worthy of the patronage of the public. gia M. A. SHADD, Publishing Agent. Ant. Lerrers, whether intended for publication 'or on Business, must be addressed, post-paid, to 'M. A. Suapp, Toronto, C. W. : > 4 ' Fa . > THE PROVINCIAL FREEMAN And Weekly Advertiser, IS PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY MORMING. AT THE OFFICE OF THE PAPER, No. 5, City Buildings, King Street East a TORONTO, C. W. sts sors TERMS: Advance Subscriptions, or within one month of the time of subscribing, 7s. 6d. Pee per annum. Beyond that time, 10s. [$2. 'RATES OF ADVERTISING. : One square (16 lines or less,) one insertion $0,50 get - each subsequent insertion, - 0,25 # three months, - 4 = 2,00 a six months; s «= 3,00. Ut one-year, = ~ - 5,00 Two squares, three months, -. - - 3,00 'teed oe Sle Manths, re 5,00 Half column, one year, < He 215,00 One column, one year, - - 25,00 Card in the Business Directory, - - 3,00 "LAW RESPECTING NEWSPAPERS. Subscribers who do not give express notice to the contrary, are considered as wishing to conti- nue their subscriptions. If Subscribers order the discontinuance of their papers, the publishers may continue to send them till all arrears are paid up. © If Subscribers neglect or refuse to take their papers from the office to which they are directed, _ they are held responsible till they have settled their-bills, and ordered their papers to be discon--- tinted. | ' If Subscribers remove to ether places, without informing the Publishers, and the paper is sent to the former direction, they are held responsible. BABB A LAL LLDL LPP LDPWPD I . JOB PRINTING! THE PROPRIETORS OF THE PROVINCIAL FREEMAN Would inform their Friends and the Public, that their 'Office is supplied with all the Requisites for the execution of every description of HOOK & FOE PREWTENG, - FNOLUDING = - PAMPHLETS,. BILL HEADS, . CARDS, FUNERAL LETTERS, ABELS, ' INVITATION CARDS, STEAMBOAT BILLS, STAGE BILLS, CONCERT BILLS, ° . i PROGRAMMES. POSTING. BILLS, LAW BLANKS, "HAND BILLS, BANK CHECQUES, - DEEDS, PROMISSORY NOTES, MORTGAGES, MEMORIALS, é&e. &e. ke. : And-every. description of LETTER-PRESS. PRINTING < in the best and handsomest style, with accuracy. and despatch. is-- PRINTING IN COLOURS AND BRONZES. _ Business Directory. CIRCULARS, WTR. S. S. MACDONELL, Barrister, At- 'torney at Law, Notary Public, &c., &c., Windsor, 'C. W ff ESSRS. R. P. & ADAM CROOKS, Bar- i risters at Law, Attorneys and Solicitors, Wellington Street, Toronto. h CAYLEY & CAMERON, Barristers, &c., &c., Office Church Street, next door to the Court House. Es <e _ Wirtus Cayuey, Marruew Crooxs Cameron. 7A. Bo enns: "DEALER IN. GROCERIES -25 'Nov 814 DUNDAS STREET, a - LONDON, C. W. « Deo HENDERSON, Auctioneer and t\ Commission Merchant, No. 32, Yonge St., Toronto. Referenees,--Thomas Clarkson, Esq., Presi- dent, of the Board of Trade; John Robertson, oa Ne at A. Ogilvie & Co.; Messrs, How- ard Fitch ; Messrs. D. Crawford & Co. D. FARRAR, & Co. EMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN ». GROCERIES, WINES, LIQUORS, &c. &c. » i NO. 415, DUNDAS STREET, re : 4 ; LONDON, C.W. VANKOUGHNET & BROTHER BARRISTERS, Aintoreys, &c, &¢.--Office in Church ' treet, over "* The City Bank" Agence of € Andrew's Church. gency, two doors Soh . CHARLES FLETCHER, BOOKSELLER anv STATIONER / o...: . No, 54, Yonce Srrzer, : TORONTO, British and American Works imported and for sale at the smallest possible advance upon the wholesale prices. ~ CHARLES MARCH, PpOUse Sign and Ornamental Painter, Grainer, Glazier 'and Paper Hanger, Carver, Gilder and Glass Stainer. Mixed Paints, Putty, Enamelled and Plain-Window Glass and Looking Glass, for Sale at the lowest Cash prices. * Ee - No. 29, King Street West.- "Toronto, Yeh April, 18546 G4 _. PUNCTUALITY !! ee Late of Philadelphia, > Fis T AND SHOE MAKER, No. 63 done with neatness and Natoutical prinsip) AND CROCKERYWARE, -- rk warranted tobe done ina DREAM NOT, BUT WORK! Dream not, but work! Be-bold! be brave ! Let not a coward spirit. crave Escape from tasks allotted! | Thankful for toil and danger be; - Duty's high call will makes thee flee 'The vicious--the besotted, ° ~ Think not thy share of strife too great; Speed to thy post, erect, elate : : Strength from above is given To those who-combat sin and wrong, Nor ask how much, nor count how long They with the foe have striven. Wage ceaseless war 'gainst lawless might; Speak out the truth-- act out the right-- Shield the defenceless. ; ~ Be firm---be strong--improve the time-- Pity the sinner--but for crime, Crush it--relentless ! Strive on, strive on, nor ever deem Thy work complete. Care not to seem, 'But be, a Christian true. Think, speak and act 'gainst mean device; Wrestle with those who sacrifice The many to the few. Forget thyself, but bear in mind' The claims of suffering human kind: So shall the welcome night, Unseen, o'ertake thee, and thy soul, Sinking in slumber at the goal, 'Wake in eternal light ! * From the American Phrenological Journal, HINTS TO EMIGRANTS. A Letter to Working People who propose going West. BY A CO-WORKER, PART SECOND. Should you go West, no doubt you would have domestic animals around you, but keep as few as possible, and keep an equal number of each sex, two and two, as God or nature made them, and evidently designed they should remain so 5 for in any way interfering with "this law, produces discord and disease. See the terrible fightings and diseases among horned cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and even fowls. Hydrophohia, too, that most terri- ble of all diseases, is, no doubt, caused by this very interference with-Shimal instinet. We are very much shocked at the idea' of the unnatural, abominable, and pernicious practice of polygamy, when. applied to hu- man beings, and well we might be; then in mercy's name, do not let us force it upon poor brutes ; for like causes produce like! effects ; and we can not violate a single law of nature and escape the penalty attached to it. And whatever number of animals you have, see that they are well supplied with their natural food, particularly in winter, for sin- gular as it may seem, I have seen a hun- dred-fold more starvation on the praries of the West than I ever did Kast or anywhere else, as incredible as it may seem, right where any amount of hay could have been cut from June till October, for nothing. Do you ask why this is so? It arises partly from what I have before stated--trying to do too much--and from various other causes : one is the long pleasant falls. Persons that have been in the country but a short time think the winter will be short, and the spring open early ; but as a general rule, you must supply -an abundance of food. for your stock till the first of May. I know there is a great deal - of pleasant weather through the winter, but the frost 'has killed every green thing, which makes it necessary to feed your cattle regu- larly. I was on the point of saying another reason why there was so much starvation and suffering among brutes,was the shiftless- ness on the part of their owners; but I fear I should give a wrong impression, as you know a more wide-awake, stirring set of people than those who go West, are difficult to find. Still it must be admitted, that a great deal of time is spent to but little ac- count, in hunting wild game, hunting for horses, cows, hogs, borrowing waggons, teams, farming implements, &e., &c. This one item of stock-hunting (horses, oxen, and cows) consumes a great amount of time, where they are permitted to roam free, over the prai- ries and through the forests, and I do think it 'a matter of economy that all who keep such animals should have a pasture for them or keep them up; and generally, too, they are great annoyance, by breaking into fields in 'the fall, destroying grain, &e.. And it does look somewhat like injustice to allow any stock to run at large. It is self-evident that every man should keep his own brutes on his own dominions. It certainly can not be right that you, a poor man, owning but a small place, and not being able, or willing (from. principle) to keep brutes, should be compelled to build strong fences to keep those of your neighbor's from run- ning over and destroying your crops. In building your house, see that you have south and north openings, especially the for- mer, as, in the very hottest weather, all the breeze we get is from a southerly direction ; and if your rooms have only east and west openings, you will sometimes find them in- sufferable on account of heat. And unless your location is such that you can easily dig a drain, have no cellar under your house. I don't know that cellars are particularly un- healthy if dry, and kept in order, but where you can not have them so,. you had better dispense with them, as you. can make top ground cellars that will answer all purposes. I would again urge upon the consideration of persons going West the importance of set- thing permanently on one spot, as I have seen and experienced so fully the evil of | change. Tam well aware of many of the | reasons why homes and business are changed _|so often in the West; but let me tell you that from an experience of some twenty '| years there, (and about as many moves,)| d the most eee ee industry and economy, will build up a_ nice little home, with a-great variety of com- 'forts and conveniences that are not general- ly obtained in any other way, such as fruit, flowers, shrubbery, yards and walks ; a nicelittle house, just as you want it ; a good large cistern of pure rain water, just at your back door with a good tight curb to it. When the earth is tolerably dry, and not so sandy as to caye in while digging, you can plaster with cement right on to it; but,in the first place, you should arch over the top with good hard brick, leaving a central opening Jarge-enough to go in, of course ; you should have the earth one or two- feet' thick over the top, so as to keep cool , in summer, and away from frost in winter. Put your square spout down as slanting as you can through the side of your curb, and in-that spout, before it enters the curb, a sliding gate, or cut-off, with a hole just above it, so that you can turn the water off until your roof and gutters are well washed, or, when your cistern is full; and then to keep out all vermin and insects. | By thus constructing your cistern, and wash- ing it out occasionally, a good, tight, well- fitting: curb and cover, with simply a rope and clean bucket to draw with, you ean have the best and handiest water that can be got with so little trouble and experise. Pump and filterers are not necessary." Still, where you can get good soft water in abufidance, by digging twenty-five or thirty feet, you might dispense with a cistern ; but on no other conditions would I do it, had I means to construct one. I must once more caution you in regard to the prevention of sickness, for in preven- tion is your only safety. I shall not lie to you by telling you that such and such medicines will cure such and such diseases, for rest assu- red that there is nothing but nature can cure, and if you have not violated her laws beyond a certain point, listen to and follow her in- stinctive calls, and you will recover without medicine; but if beyond this point you have passed, all the medicine in the world can not "save you. They may sometimes mitigate. your sufferings ; but even that is questiona- ble; I know they not unfrequently add_ to them. Let your food be fruit and vegetable, to the extent that nature demands, uncom- pounded and uncooked if preferred, the better ; but if you must use flesh, let it be the flesh of unrestrained animals--those that are wild, and procure their food independent of man. Work enough to produce what you consume, unless you choose to live upon the spontaneous fruits of the earth. Clothe yourself just sufficiently to keep comfortable. Bathe enough to satisfy nature, and :keep clean all over. If in the unnatural habit of using tea; coffee, tobacco, or liquor, abandon it by degrees, or, to use a common: expres- sion, " taper off,' which you can most surely do if you will live as J have. recommended. You know that these appetites are all acquir- ed, and that when you first commenced this downhill course, they were most of them dis- agreeable, and some of them really disgust- ing and sickening, and that it was a long time before you could use them to the ex- tent you now do; but this you have now at- tained by a regular progression. So then, just reverse this course, and progress back to your purer life. Do you say you can't and don't want to do it? Then I beg your pardon, you are not the one I am address- ing. a am aware that there are hundreds and thousands in and around. the towns and cities now that would rejoice to secure that little hore, but they have not the means to get it, and then get to it. I understand your con- dition very well : I know that flour is six- pence a pound, and every thing else in pro- portion; that coal is ngh and rent higher ; but if you can possibly live and pay these prices, you must be earning something. Now for the sake of getting. the only spot-on God's earth where you can be independent, see if you cannot economize a little; and in the first place lay aside all superfluities, especially in dress. Can not many if not thing, and think just as well of yourselves ? No matter what others think ; a person who thinks well of himself pleases the most important personage he has any thing to do with. I would willingly take the job of clothing the working people of New York at one-half of what it-now costs, I think, and do it just as comfortably. Then, in the matter of. food, if a thousand of you would club together, and buy at. wholesale, you would save some twenty-five cents on the dollar, I suppose, as all these retailers are supported by you. But you say we must have fresh meat and milk. My friends, I do better without them, or just as well, I am sure ; for we have not used a pound of fresh meat through the summer, in my family, I believe, and none of us have had either cholera, or dysentery, or fever. It. would cost so much to get out West. Not so very much,--if you would go in the second-class cars; which you can do very comfortably and pleasantly, by so many of you going together as to fill up one car ; and no doubt, any railroad company would give youa comfortable clean-one, if you would fill it with passengers ; and by going in compa- /ny, you could'save in many ways, such as moving baggage, procuring food, &c., and then by locating together, much might be saved in fencing, and money. might in a great measure be dispensed with, which, if the love of it is the "root of all evil," it is one of the roots you had better not trans- plant in a new country and a new home. Were I personally acquainted with you, no doubt you would ask me if I thought it would be for your interest to go West ? and most of you, save nearly one-half in your clo- | that country, and what axe not. In the first place, those who are fopa of farming on a large scale--who like '0 see the whole country covered® with frents-of grain and grass, who are fond of having or seeing great) herds of cattle and hogs, and who desire to get up in the world in this way--get, rich. Then there is another class who should go-- " whose God is their belly"----whose Heaven consists in having animal food, abundant and cheap; and another class who, by constant and unremitting toil, ean but just live ;-- those that have no home, renters, hirelings, &ce. I have sipposed that these three classes have but little ideality--a good com- fortable home, with plenty to*eat, being their chief-end and gim. _ There are a few persons who are not cal- culated for the West, and who would not be satisfied if they were to go there ; they are 'of that class who have lived a quiet. rural life-- who have not been compelled to bow to toil like a beast of burden; who think much of their home, especially if that home is 'beautified by mountains, hills, dashing wa- ter-falls, and a great variety of fruit, and evergreen trees and shrubbery ; whose health is good, and who have no great ambition to. accumulate property or money, and who have great fondness for variegated and romantic scenery. To those persons who have a little home, where they can prodace ali, or most of their food, and are making a living with a fair amount of Jabor, are healthy, and tolerably contented--I would say stay where you are ; "Jet well enough alone," as in going to a new country you mast encounter a thousand litt'e evils, which you would otherwise escape; and in all probability you would not escape sickness, though you might not be very sick; still I must tell you that it would be remarkable if, in the course of a few years, you didnot have a bilious attack, ora "slight brash of theague." But if you are poor, and compelled to work for others. and desire a little more independence ; some- what ambitious--wishing tobe your own master--and desire'a gooll, fine farm, and have no great-attachmés¢ to pourveastern home, and are willing to encounter manfully the labors and trials incident to a new home 'in anew country--I would say go; there is no doubt but you will do well, especially if you will heed and follow the advice I have given you. In a short time there will be an immense territory of the finest farming land opened in various sections of the West by railroads, that has hitherto been thought to possess but little value on account of the scarcity _ of wood, distance from market, &c. J would advise those going West to look for loca- tions along those roads far out in the open prairie, as your prospect for health would be better than in the woods, or along the banks of creeks or rivers. Should you wish to settle near the Missis- sippi River, or stop awhile and look around, you would find a good point for observation at Rock Island, and. another at Keokuk. From the latter place you could convenient- ly examine a portion of three States, Iowa, Illinois and Missouri. There may be hundreds of just. as favor- able points as the above, but being best ac- quainted with them, I should naturally call your attention to them, and can confidently say that I know of no better places, or where I would as soon settle in the West, as some- where in their vicinity. In this letter I have endeavored to give you the information E have got by experi- ence; and though you may think but little of it now, should you go West, just take it along, as it is possible you might wish to look at it hereafter, as our opinions and views of things sometimes change. In conclusion, I would say this is not written for criticism ; but is merely a letter of a laboring man, and is designed only for such; and if understood, it is all the writer expects. The Sin and Felly of Scolding. "Fret not thyself to do evil.'--Psalm xxxvir: 2. 1. Lt is a Sin against God.--It is an evil and only evil, and that continually. David understood both human nature and the law of God. He says, " Fret not thyself in any wise to do evil." That is, never fret or scold, for it is always a sin. If you cannot 'speak without fretting or scolding, keep silence. 2. It destroys Affection--No one ever did, ever can, or ever will Jove an habitual fret- ter, fault-finder, or scolder. | Husbands, wives, children, relatives or domestics, have no affection for peevish, fretful fault-finders. Few tears are shed over the graves of such. Persons of high moral principles may toler- ate them--may bear with them. But they cannot love them more than the sting of nettles, or the noise of mosquitoes. Many a man has deen driven to the tavern, and to dissipation, by a peevish fretful wife. Many a wife has been made miserable by a peevish, fretful husband. 3. lt isthe Bane of Domestic Happiness. --A fretful, peevish, complaining fault-finder in a family is like the continual chafing of an inflamed sore. Woe to the man, woman or child, who is exposed to the influence of such a temper in another. Nine-tenths of all the domestic trials and unhappiness spring from this source. Mrs. A. is of this temperament. She wonders her husband is not more fond of her company ; that her children give her so "much trouble ; that domesties.do not like to work for her; that she cannot secure the good-will of young people. The truthis, she | is peevish and fretful. Children fea her, | ment.--Good family government is the blend- ing of authority with affection, so asto secure respect and love. Indeed, itis the great secret of managing young people. Now, your fretters may inspire fear, but they al- ways make two faults where they correct one. Scolding at a child, fretting ata child, vsneering at a child, taunting a child, treating a child as though it had no feelings, inspires dread and dislike, and fosters those very dispositions from which many of. the faults of childhood proceed. Mr. G. and Mrs. F. are of this class. Their children are made to mind; but why? Mrs. F. frets and scolds her children; she is severe enough upon their faults; she seems to watch them in order to find faults: she sneers at them; treats them as though they had no feelings ; she seldom gives them a command without a threat and a long running fault-finding com- mentary ; when she chides it is not done ina dignified manner ; she raises her voice, puts on a cross look, threatens, strikes them, pin- ches their ears, slaps their heads, &c. The children cry, pout, sulk, and poor Mrs. F. has to do her work over pretty often. Then she will find fault with her husband because he does not fall in with her ways, or in chime with her as chorus. 5. Fretling and Scolding makes EHypo- crites--As a fretter never receives confi- dence and affection, so no one likes to tell them anything disagreeable, and thus pro- cure for themselves a fretting. Now, chil- dren conceal as much as they ean from such persons; they cannot make up their minds to be frank and open-hearted. So husbands conceal from their wives, and wives from their husbands. . Fora man may brave a lion, but he likes not to come in contact with nettles and mosquitoes. 6. It Destroys one's Peace of Mind.--The more one frets the more he may. A fretter will always have enough to fret at, especially if he or she have the bump or order largely developed. Something will always be out of place; there will always be some dirt somewhere. Others will not eat right, look right, talk right. .And-fretters are generally so selfish as to have no regard for any one's comfort but their own. 7, It is a Mark of a Vulgar Disposition. --Some persons have so much gall in their dispositions, are so selfish, that they have no regard to the feelings of others. * All things must be done to please them; they make their husbands, wives, children, domestics, the conductors by which their spleen and ill-na- ture are discharged. Woe to the children who are exposed to such influences. It makes them callous and unfeeling, and when they grow up they pursue the same course with their own children, or those entrusted to their management, and thus the race of fretters is perpetuated. Any person who is in the habit of fretting or sneering, taunting their husbands, wives, children, or domestics, shows either a bad disposition or else ill- breeding. for it is generally your low-bred people that are guilty of such things. Condition of Canada, ascompared with the United States, &c. We give the concluding Extracts from the valuable Report of Mr. Wm. Hutton, in the last Census Return of Canada, volume the first. It may, however, fairly be observed that Ohio exceeds the average of the whole United States, in the amount of butter per cow; 27 per cent. and in the amount of cheese, 133 per cent.; Upper Canada ex- ceeds the average of the whole Union by about 9 per cent. in butter, but is' very deficient in Cheese. The difference in the value of the yield of one cow in Upper Ca- nada and Ohio, calculating the price of butter at 74d. per lb., and the cheese at 5d., in both places, would be 16s. 104d. in favour of Ohio, and the extra milk and whey would make 20s, supposing the returns to be correct, which there is no good reason for doubting. Asa proof, however, if proof were necessary, that the climate of Ohio is much less severe than that of Canada, it may be stated that al- though she has 4 more horses, viz : 78,020 --about 63,000 more young cattle, and 24 millions more sheep, she produces less hay by 204,293 tons, and very much less straw and other fodder, even allowing that she has 29 times more corn stalks. 5 The increase in the production of the articles of butter and cheese in Canada, has notwithstanding been enormous, and we find that within the three years, 1849, 1850 and 1851, theamount of butter produced has,in the Upper Province, increased 372 per cent., and that of cheese during the same period, 233 per cent. which leadsto the inference, that-our milch cows are rapidly improving in quality. The Census Returns of the Lower Province, previous to the year 1851, are very deficient as to the amount of these articles. The next most important feature in the difference between Ohio and Canada, is the number of their sheep, and the consequent value of their wool. Here, too, the amaz- ing difference is difficult to be accounted for, but the fact should open the eyes of the Canadian farmers to their interest. The number of sheep in Canada, in round numbers, is 1,600,000, in Chio 4,000,000, although the number of acres occupied is very nearly the same, and the number of acres cultivated only about one-third greater than in our Provinces. Jn the value of the former is ss%..eesceees. £606,564 And in sheep at 7s. 6d.each itis wool alone the annual difference in favour of 879,405, year, might fairly be calculated at fifty per cent. gi It must, however, be observed, that not- withstanding the striking superiority of Ohio in this particular, the rate of increase in the number of sheep, as compared with that in the United States, would ap- pear, from page 67 of Mr. Kennedy's Re- port, to be greatly in favour of Canada, for in ten years the increase in the States has been only 10 per cent., and in the weight of the fleece only 82 per cent., whereas in Ca- nada the increase in wool has, in nine years, been 64 per cent. and that of sh-ep 35 per cent., showing an improvement in the weight of the fleece of not far off 30 per cent. The average weight in Canada is found to be: In'Upper Canada.«.++2+-<«- 24¢ lbs, In Lower, Canadie.. a/c > 0000 ATE! Lnvall ;Canadavint ice<ctese ra eee! t whilst in the United States it is, as per page 67 of the Abstract, 24% or 274;%; Ibs., shewing an excess in favour of Canada in the average of nearly 3 oz. per fleece. The proportion too in both countries, i e., the whole United States and Canada, is about the same, being about 9 sheep to every 10 inhabitants. Upper Canada has about ten sheep to every 100 acres occupied; Lower Canada has 8,and the United States has' Tide. : With regard to horses, there are in both Canadas, according to the Census Returns 385,377, or very nearly one to every five inhabitants, and they have increased during the last nine years 48 per cent. In some counties the increase has been very much greater than this, for we find in Oxford an increase of 350 per cent., and in some town- ships in that county even 400 per cent. this would induce a belief that there was some great error in the Returns of 1842, and there seems to be no good reason why the number of horses should not have kept pace with the population; the wealth of the latter having also, during that time so materially increased. If in 9 or 10 years, the population has inereased cent. per cent. it is almost- unaccountable that the number of horses should not have increased in a si-' milar ratio. It is stated by the Census Superintendent, that in the United States, where Railways have been extensively constructed, the num= ber of horses has been very much decreased, and according to the Abstract accompanying his last Report, the number in New York has decreased, by 26,566; in Pennsylvania by 13,000; in New England by 77,000, or more than 25 per cent., "while in all the States" (he remarks) " Railroad conveyance has almost superseded the use of horses for travelling purposes along main routes." He adds, " we would more readily attribute the apparent diminution to the omisslon to enumerate the horses in cities and towns than to any superseding of horse power" There can be no doubt that this must be the reason for any apparent decrease, for the experience of other countries shews a very different effect, as travelling. In Great Britain, the number of horses employed at the Great Railway Termini, and the numerous intermediate stations, very far exceeds the number formerly employed in the Stage and Posting Departments. The facilities afforded by Railway communi- cation, and the saving of time, combined with so much greater comfort, has led to an enormous increase 6f travellers, and the tens who formerly travelled between the chief cities and towns of a country, either on business or for pleasure, are now multi- plied to hundreds. The main routes may be comparatively deserted, but it is difficult to believe that the construction of Railways, which must be fed at every point with their freights, living as well as dead. can have any other effect than an increase inthe employ- ment of horses. The horse and mules of the whole Union constitute a proportion of 1 to 5 of the inhabi- tants. New York has only 1 to 7; Penn- sylvania 1 to 64%s; and Ohiohas 1 to 4 4%. In the new States of the West, the increase in horses has kept pace with that cf the po- pulation, and so also in Canada West the new townships shew a far greater increase than the older ones, From this kind of comparison it will be seen that there are various branches of Agriculture well deserving of the increased attention of the Canadian farmer. ~ Ohio far exceeds Canada in Indian corn, butter and cheese, grass seed, wool, tobacco, and beef and pork. ; Canada far exceeds Ohio in wheat, peas, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, hay, hemp and fiax, hops, maple sugar and potatoes ; and also considering that Ohio has one-third more cultivated land, in total value of live stock. his bears a proportion cf only 123} to 11, whilst the cultivated land in Ohio to that of Canada is as 10 to 74, In all the above enumerated articles, viz : live stock, grain. other farm produce, articles manufactured from flax, hemp and wool, beefand pork, Ohio exceeds Canada by £8,199.310, being very little over 4 more than the produce of Cana:la, and if the pro- duce of the Forest be calculated, of which Canada exported in 1851, value for upwards of one million and a half of pounds, the relative wealth per acre would be in favour of Canada. The ratio of increase of population in 'Ohio for 10 years, from 1840 to 1850, is 333%"5 per cent._that of Upper Canada, fin the. same period, has been 1044%*; per cent.--that of Lower. Canada for.7 years, produced by Railway When it is considered that there are States, 1 District and 4 Territorics, that Ohio has 8 per cent. of the whole: ulation of the Union,---8$ per cent. grain of the whole Unio: except and about 104 per cent. of all othe cultural produce not manufactured, a | per cent, of butter, chérse, beef, p domestic manutactures of the wholé T and that Canada equals Ohio in @cread produce, is there not good reason for ex- a much nearer approximation to the produce. of the whole Union than Ohio does now. | Asa summary of the inferences which may be drawn from this comparison bet- ween Ohio and the United States and Canada, and they aré-both numerous and important, the following brief remarks em--- brace thise perhaps most worthy of notice ¢ 'Ist, Canada shoul: attend to the improve- - ment of the breed of milch cows : the value of butter and cheese produced in Ohio from 47,000 fewer cows, and calculated at the same price in both places, being about 70 per cent. more than in Canada. fe 2nd. Canada should make more cheese. Ohio produces 760 per cent. more than Canada, and 28 per cent. more butter. Canada depends too much on_ foreign. demand for American cheese in Canada causes its production in such larse gitan- tities in Ohio. At present cheese is much the more profitable of the dairy produce. The value of cheese in Ohio. at 54. ner tb., is £433,740, against £57,037, the value of cheese in Canada at the same price--mnk- ing a difference in favour of Ohio of £376, 708, oo 3rd. Canada should grow more ¢lover and grass seed for which her climate is quite as well adapted as Ohio. Of these two articles, the later grows 130 per cent. more than Canada, making a difference of £80,000 against Canada, always bearing in. mind that the cultivated land of Ohio is 33 per cent. more than thatof Canada. The farmer should not be under the necessity of makes him sparing, and a field of wheat or barley shold not bé'sown without seeding it down with 10 or 12 Ibs. of red clover per aera." It is a fuet equally consistent with practical experience and theoretical science that other. things being equal, the acreable produce of wheat, barley and oats will be in proportion 'ty the-am_ unt of clover seed grown and ploughed under, or vonsumed by stock on ments against them on 'the score of climate, but in this no such can apoly, for the climate of Canada is quite as good for the production «f clover and grass seeds as t! at of Ohio. Frosts do not injure the seed and © it may therefore be allowed to remain in the. field late in the fall. A more extended growth of these articles wonld ensure an increased extent and richne-s of pasture, and would add to the quantities of butter. and cheese. 4th Canada should keep more Sheep--_ the value of sheep and wool being both .40 per cent. higher in Ohio than in Canada, fleece is rather better in the latter, and the cul.ivated land of Ohio only 33$ per cent. more than in Canada. | re In value of sheep, Ohio exceeds £879,405 than Canada, although the difference in the warrant anything like so gveat a difference. The average acreable value is not quite so great as that of Wheat--the average crop wheat oczupies the land two years and In- dian Corn one, and requires more outlay for seed and labour than Indian Corn ; and anacre of corn-stalks is more valuable than an acre of straw, and the condition of. the land after cornis much better than after wheat ey ee Taking all these matters into considera- suitable for the growth of both. Tiere 's too large a proportion of the land in Upper Canada under Wheat, nearly ore fifth of the whole cuitivated land, say -4y. to be doabted, as taking it at that, it only 12 bushels average per acre.. 'Tt is very probable there is not more than yy under wheat; this would leave the average 15 bushels per acre--the acres under different crops are not given in the U.S. Census. States and Territories. whether she can maintain this proportion for many years without diminishing her be very extensive. : Canada--and a large portion of Upper Canada is well calculated for its growth- In this article alone Ohio has £230,000 worth more than Canada. Already the population of C anada is more miles, exclusive of the territories, is one- from 1844 to 1851, has been 20 per cent. NUMBERS pecting that Canada, with her more exten. ded scope, and her more rapidly increasing population, will, ina very few years, make -- The -- the farm. In regard to the other suggested ~ ns improvements there' may be some argu- though the qua'ity of sheep and weight of - CAnadas. 006s sas eee ake In value of wool. Lee Be at fe SX Oe 606,564 £1,585,969 5th. Canada should grow more Indian -- Corn. Ohio produces 2800 per cent. more -- climate in the Upper Provinee does not -- of Wheat, sixteen bushels at 4s, is £3 4s, - and 24 bushels of Indian Corn at 2s, 6d. is ~ £3 ; but it should be remembered that ~ ia 6th. Canada should have fewer acres -- under wheat as well as more under Corn. -- In Ohio there is said to be only éth of the culiivated land under wheat, but thatismuch gives -- The wheat crop of Canada is -- nearly 2, say 34 of that of the whole United ~ It is very doubtful -- than; of the Union--the areain square sixth, and. of course in acres the same-in °~ occupied acres about?;--in growth of countries for her supply of cheese, and the». -- purchasing clover seed--the very purchase << tion, one acre of Indian Corn 4s as profitable es as two acres of wheat where the climate is -- a. acreable produce, unless the new clearances _ 7th. Canada might grow more tobacco. -- Ohio produces 850 per cent. more than --