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i. DRESS Sy ee cpa '§ and Sea" soe ULAR UU UU ce ut Why does a ceafaring sman--cap- tain, cook or cabin boy--consider it unlucky: to shtp with a man w neglected to pay his laundry bill? Why does a sailor nearing port after a ery voyage gat her up old clothes and shoes unfit for fur- ther use and ccremoniotsl commit them to the Why does he thie to sail on a ship which displays a shark's tooth firm- ly nailed to boweprit or jib- Why does he like cats? Why does he place great faith in the merits of a pig as a weather prophet ? The simplest, answer to these questions is--because the average sailor is superstitious. He may n be quite as superstitious, perhaps, as the oldtimer who went long voy- s in sailing vessels, but even the advent of the four-day Trans- Atlantic liner--skyscraping steam- ships and floating hotels which tra- vel from port to port on schedule time in defiance of unfavorable weather conditions--has not qui Yeprived the sailor of his reputation for superstitiousness. Some day he may become as mat- ter of fact as an underground rail-|. way guard, but thera till lingers around him enough of the romance and mystery of the sea to make an interesting study of him and his odd beliefs. During very rough weather at sea it would be hard to convince any oldtime sailor that there wasn't a Jonah aboard. Many ---- of the o'd school, who ought to know better, are so superstitious in this respect that it is not: uncommon for them to take intense dislike to offi- cers who have happened apparently to be the harbingers of bad weather, ; with and especially fog. usual on board ship to find mem- Bill Jones, Heavy Weather Squally Jack. lucky. a comfortable home and careful at- tention with Jack for his friend, although, on the other hand, our dumestic friend has at times been | held responsible for the continu- ance of very bad weather, and had to play the part of Jonah to the full, extent. Perhaps the most amusing super stition of the sailor is in considering | it a crime for any member of the crew to leave port with his washing} bill unpaid, as this neglect is gen- érally lieved to be the cause of bad weather being encountered just after leaving port. The ways of invoking the gods of the eleme ts to bestow fair weather and winds are numerous. Amqig} tis best known is that when nearing pout after a lengthy voyage ald codes and shoes unfit fer further Werr oa ¢ Mectes i und othrown overboard wath much ceremony and faith as ta the ultimate beneficial results which wil! carry the ship ewiftiv and safely into harbor. One ef the most euri Us supers ms is that dealing with the eap Eure of a shark. The natural dread ain antipathy with which th Se Neer lers « he deep are viewed caves a capture to be hailed with mach rejoteing. ~All hands, fron the captain to the cabin boy, a '/" interest In the operation are aving successfully landed the whatk. on deck--a proceeding that eauses on» little excitement--it is killed and its tail cut off. This te phy is then nailed either on the er of the bowsprit or the jibboom ut cl is considered a valuable charm, capable of having the power. to! bring the ship fair winds and finest ' of weather. Tt is not uncommen t see sailing ships lying in part with th peculiar sign of the sailor's superctition, but the custom is fast dying «ut with the advent of the steam ship, where the capture of a shark a sa is @ Very rare occur- rence ; Another remarkable and weird belief is that connected with the al- hat.rc Tce huge birds, measur- ing fourteen to eighteen feet from! p of their wings, cen in the stormy regions of | the capes of Good Hope and Horn | the surrounding. latitudes. { follow ships for weeks at a} "= time. The sailors credit these birds with pos- sessing the eouls cf ancient mazi- ners, whd, for their misdeeds, have been doomed to scour these siormy regions for eternity. During calms these birds are} easily captured by a contrivance of 38. ue, dent lek Sub m3 their pens, and their ho} considered a sign of caln 'near, movements, which ars believed to foretell tho state of tha wicd to be expected, are watched with keen interest. Should a pig show signs of lazi- ness and merely Ke down or wan- der slowly about the deck, this is with little or no wind in prospect, but any frickineps and a great amount of squealing is hailed as a sure sign of winds, @ very necessary factor hoa the navigation of a _ img © Bailing on a Friday is, as ca i know, considered unlucky. Sunday is generally considered a lucky day, although the superstition as re- gards the day co sailing is almost forgotten and seldom commented on in these days of rap travel- ling. a es Ng CO-OPERATION IN RUSSIA. Great Development of Mutual Soci- eties of All Kinds, It is obably not known that Russia ran among the countries of the world with respect to the number of co- operative societies within its ter- ritory, being surpassed only by Germany. The co-operative move- ment began. in Russia in 1865 w the first loan and savings society were founded. But the real devel- opment of the different branches of co-operation has taken place only during the past ten years. In 1913, there were-in Russia no-less than 12,500 co-operative credit societies (of which 3,300 were Schulze-De- litzsch (rural banks) ; 7,500 distribu- tive societies ; 4,900 agricultural S0- cieties and co-operative agricultur- | al societies ; 600 co-operative socie- ties for pkoduction ; 500 co-operative | graneries and-2,500 dairies." These figures, it must be added, refer to Russia, exclusive of Finland, where generally s second It is quite | About a thousand of these are co- | operative bers of the crew nicknamed Foggy 400 are co-operative dairies; and or | 200 are co-operative societies ithe use of agricultural machinery, Cats on board ship are considered | etc. and many a stray one finds|are at the present day | | | | -) of the lin the country districts many people | of superior intelligence, and it is j through their efforts that many dif- | ties for 'laws of 1902 on co-operative | Corfiekl was hunting are only, } peculiar belief of old | | | } | round the sailors' own invention, which; beng baited, attaches itself to the hooked bill on the albatross at- | iempiing to procure the bait, and! the bird is then hauled on board. Few captains «f ships will allow! these birds to be killed by the crew on account of the belie? that the) killing would be certain of bringing | disastrous results. The killing of a pig at sa is a! Ways oC ton of much impor- tance, 2 - for the reason thet fresh meat is to be enjoved--a& great) luxury on_a sailia ng rip after per- haps months of sa provisions--but ak ause what is termed a pig breeze or omble wind. may be looked upon.as a certainty. Pigs when kept on ailing chips are of- 2 > 62. i | | | wounded, da there are more than 2,000 societies at least 250,000 members. ¢redit societies; nea rly|* for therefore, there in Russia some 30,500 co-operative societies. | This very considerable develop- ment is due to a number of causes. There has without doubt been an jawakening of the working classes, and especially of the agricultural classes, to a consciousness of their eommon interests and a. realization value of self-help. There are Altogether, ferent co beén foun During the laet ten years, also ithe ruling classes have-seen clearly 'ative institutions have | tom | Bassano. ny se DAM DRAINS 2,000 AND WILL cutee TWO MB LION ACRES. -- Huge Undertaking Will Open Mik} A) lion Acres of Waste Prairie Land. The construction of the win nee page nce ver in the vicinity f "Coleace et the C.P.R. has been all but rt el million acres of prairie land previc}, ously looked upon as of little or no' use for agricultural Sn ap is now placed under irrigation will prove as productive as any other portion of the Dominion. The gigantic work hae en- tailed the expenditure of several million of dollars .has been carried out under supervision of Mr, J. 8, Dennis, assistant to the p and head of the Department of Na- tural Resources. About three years has been spent in this work; it is probable that the can be built during the year 191: The e greater part of the earthwork} for the canals, aeqrogeeiig, 20 mi lion cubic yards, s bee pleted and operations eal vanced on the principal structu bs Drains 5,000 Square Miles, -- The water supply is derived fr Bow River. The quantities, shown by the records of the Dou ion Government, are notably lak the river receiving ithe, draing | from over 5,000 square miles abe It has a heayy " }water applied, consistent with suit- 'wbie plant pappear to make future contingenci dhigh percentage of lime--there | is L of a than where the main sup- jtled by scientific investigation. The ' Pinquiry grew out of observations of {the widespread prevalence of "den- me ey émum an ae al charge result is that the irrigator, talled upon to pay out his y when he demands more water the minimum, considers very wefully as to whether he really it, Experiments have shown the largest crop yields are ob- ined with the minimum amount of of water, yet the yield reduced in quantity and quality nage sake provision for HARD WATER FOR TEETH. Bad Teeth Cause Defective Eyesight --Soft Water Areas. - Probably it will be news to most people that condition teeth-- especially ldren--is governed 'to a large extent by the character of the water habitually drunk. In localities where the wa- ter is 'hard"--that is, containing a 'much Jess demand for the services drinking water is "soft.' Al might have been suspected, as lime enters largely into the com- | position of teeth, pm it is only re- cently that the matter has been set- ital caries"--decayed spots in teeth --among school children in Eng- land. There, as in ~ country, flow, the highest etages being reach ed between June 15 and August 14, and thus furnishing an ample supy more and more is being oal- ply well through the ops The low water surface in Bow Ri ; is raised approximately 40 Bors. q the Bassano dam, located 83 toile east of Celgary. : It is a composite structure, bn most notable portion. being the ¢ crete spillway 720 feet in len This is built with regard,to economy of material and the so-called '"'Am- bursen type," with heavy flooring on the bed of the stream. The ¢ ed westerly within the Bend by an earthen maximum height of 45 length of 7,000. feet, contain} about 1,000,000 cubic five miles in leng Mabe Being 0 | somew eh is oan has given considerable" Toubie: Beyond the eastern end of the necessity for encouraging the development of the co-operative | moveme nt. Recent laws and mea-| sures relating to co-operation whi ich | have com? imto effect are the fol- lowing: (a) laws on co-operative credit of the years 1595, 1904 and 1910; (b) model rules of the year 1907 for distributive societies and | for agriculturgl co-operative socie | purchase and sale; (c) mo 1808 for societibs for Wnprovement: (ad) the soche- de} rules of agricultural ties for production; (©) mudel rules of 1908 for agricultural co-operative | cocletles |} B SE. APPE D LION Ss FAC E. | wow Richard C orfleld, Lion Hunter, Save Perhaps the most amazing episode the career of Richard Corfield, who, will be remembered, was Scmaliland not long ago. acting against raiding Der- vishes, and the story of whose life, told by Mr. Prevo st Battersby in a memorial volume published by Ar: nold, cuncerns an occasion when ii single. | 1207S handed, as was his habit. A hen had charged Corfield, and a scene ensued which provided "probably, the only instance on re- cord of a football player using the 'hand-ofi' t to prevent his being co] jlared by a hon. The fact that the \lion missed his firs st grip," contin ues Mr. Battersby, "and got a poor | hold with his second, may have | been due to the surprise he experi-, enced at receiving a slap in the; | face from the man he was chasing, owing to which Corfield, getting} hold of a tree-trunk in Hien of a ' goal- post. was able literally to wrenc) himself out of the lion's jaws. Again the lien, which was badly ashed at him. He fired and mised. 'Tha next thing Cor: field knew was that he was dodging a small tree with the lion! _grabb: ag at him, whilst he was try-! jing to hand him off. The ign miss- | ed him first, only suc cooding in. | tearing fis coat, but soon got Cor | field's right hand in his mouth, bit- | ing it badly throngh the palm, | while pursuing him round the tree." | Fortunately, at the, critical ao, ment, a comrade intervencd and} j hat the Hien dead. Corfield, how- ever, had to spcad the night in his zareba, crippled ant unable to use his rifle, guarded on] y by huge fires, whilst bis companton we! for the | nearest doctor 1 was not long af ter, however, tl rat Corfield was cit again hunting ions single-handed. Such are the men who guard Bri- tein's owtp rate, lond-feet, continues tow east. ' Monster Aqueduct. The most notable of the al terial | structures ing provided in general, undulating 'the irrigable land receives water | cha 30 'feet and capacity of cubic -feet per second, turning' fo- ward the north, while the Jag: 'a branch with capaci ity of 2,200 ¢ w idth 'of structures is the Brooks Aquediies, 10,000 feet in length, with ga of 900 second-feet crossing a br low depression. The design of aqueduct is novel, but evide paged on careful atudy with ay Practically all of the +s in the eastern heen, The drops 3 in the are of substantial design, concrete, and embody found to be necesrs manence, There are numerous earth fills built in place of fl The smaller structures for distribu. | ting water to the farms or grogps | of farms, numbering over a th} sand, have not yet been put |jn piace, The area for which water, is have concrets. li 'of | { J and with notable slopes towa Bow and Red Deer rivers, Thre are several distinct drainage lihes traversing the country and the tepo- 'graphy, as compared with that| of most of the plains region is fayor- 'able for a relatively rapid run-off of excess water. The main draingge system has been provided in part by nature and in part by artifti jal | means. The first problem Sle prevailing climatic conditions is to| induct the farmer to exercise fo re-| thought and to use water al right time; the second, and een more difficult, is to get him to preciate the danger of using much water. 6 | 0 cs Irrigation Must Pay. on | for In order to prevent the occas for these large expenditures ' drainage arising in the future, |rangements are made on many the new irrigation systems to liver water on a measured basid. certain minimum quantity being tained at a flat charge assessed all irrigable lands. For example, paid usually or $1.00 is te advance, w bn. in not, and for this, say, one acra-ft n be -had. This minimum is set the amount which is conside ibe necessary for the production) of average crop under ordingrs ron adit tions, but it is not enoti result in water logging the soil, and in the consequent demand-for ca tof the water habitually. drunk much to do with the condition of the 3) duiry was very thorough, being con- dof total hardness, ; g manner e Reeording to the h heediners of the "May be Reduction in Prices at Hers- |kenzie River, upon Children who appear badly nour- ished, rarely have sound teeth. teeth nearly always cause digestive disturbances, in the course of time may be responsible for defec- 'tive eyesight, which so often makes backward pupils of children who are normally bright and capable at their lessons. The suspicion that the character has teeth was amply justified. The in- in localities supplying water of temporary hardness and of permanent hard- ness. ere each of these conditions: ea examined numbered ve Doperinee 26 eres Warieaa in a most water supplied in their locality, the tiremark of the investigator emphatic that Fe "The 'harder the water the bet tof the tee It was Stes found that "the lower the infant mortality"--the smaller the perecntage of deaths in infancy --"the better the teeth "' FREIGHT $430 A TON. chel Island This Year. Whoever feels inclined to com- plain about the high freight rates in the East and West, where there is a network of railways may take con- polation out of the fact-that there are places where the rates are a (trifle higher. For example : the rate per ton cn freight from Athabasca | Landing, in the Peace River coun- y, to Herschel Island. in the / a distance of about 1,600 miles, is $430 per ton, and o neequently needles sell at 30 cents apiece, gasoline at $12 per gallon and other things at proportionate prices at Herschel. These prices prevail at the Hudson Bay posts in that district. There may be a reduction in the prices of these commodities later on, for the Hudson Bay Company is ing to send a steamer loaded with supplies from Victoria, B. to Herschel! this-summer by way of the North Pacific and Behring Straits. Tt will be the firs: time the company has sent in a beat by that route. | Heretofore supplies have been sent in by rail and team to Athabasca Landing and from there to Hers- chel via Lake Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, Slave River and the Mackenzie River, a long, hazardous journey by canoe and steamer, a considerable part of which has to be portaged. By taking the all- water route 'from 'Victoria to Herschel the freight charges are reduced to $60 per tan. The Hudson Bay Steamer will leave some time this month, and amongst its --- will be supplies and mai for Stefansson and his party, who are now quartered at Collinson Point, near Hersche! Island, wait- ing for the ice to break before they start out on another lap of the jour- ney to the unexplored territory ly- ing "omewhere near the North Pole. i easteanes: "Pat, when was you. first | mar- ried |' Mike asked. AL nineteen years it was,"' Pat replied, 'and, begorra,. Ud never marry again so young if I should "being t A RUSSIAN FUR FARM. e - Conducted on 'the: 'Model of the 'Conaat adian Industry. - A PAE of tive. animals afepre- senting the most: y. le varieties were brought from Siberia last au- now livi St. Petersburg, and are multiplying. All the pens, box- es, netting, and other a) and the > pich are found ite in Russia, are the special feature of the farm. They are, of course, ame in separate pens, fenced in fine wire netting. The pens ane filled with fir trees and hollow trunks, in order to resemble the natural habitat of the sables as much as possible. The writer, on visiting the establishment, found the sables and other animals in ex- cellent health. One of the brown silver foxes was so tame that he whined for the visitors to come to his pen, and at once began to romp with them. All the various foxes, black silyer, brown silver, blue, and arctic, are well aimee and al- most all have become very tame. The' Ostiaks who inhabit the northern spurs of the Uray range have become more or Jess proficient in the art of breeding sables. They catch the animals when very young, and keep them either in their -- huts or in an adjoining shed. sables are very voctal $0 in ridding the premises of rats and other vermin. Apparently, they lose all desire for a wild 'life, although now and again they are tempted to pursue the! squirrel, sable tribe, in the neighboring for- est. The usual way of capturing the sable is as follows: As soon as the first snow falls, the trapper sets out, generally mounted on a hardy Siberian pony and attended by his faithful dog, and proceeds to the haunt of the sable. Sometimes the trapper knows beforehand where the animals are to be found, but as a rule, he is guided by the tracks of the squirrel. The squirrel, it must be remembered, undertakes very wide journeys in search of its favo- rite cedar nuts and other food, » that occasionally there is a veri- table migration of squirrels, an the sables follow Rye The trap- per is immediate y warned of the resence of parti "iy his dog, who rs up a tree. -- After he mal, the trapper proceeds to set a fine horsehair net an round the tree at a distance of wenty or thirty yards. He knowe that the instinctive curiosity of the animal fvill soon bring him into the net. The trapper and his dog 'dana| withdraw to a little distance: the sable descends to see what has been - dene, and quickly becomes _--* gled in the horsehair net. Sma! bells are attached to the top of the! net, and as soon as the trapper hears the ringing of these bells he knows that the sable has been caught. The adult anima) is quite | useless for domesticating purposes ; like its near relative, the marten, it is a very fierce and almust untam- | able beast. When taken very young, however, especially if it ha not yet left the parental nest or reyed on live food, it is very SOON | domesticated. It is a matter cof some that the Siberian tribes have never been known to domesticate the sil-| ver or any other kind of fox. This is the more curious because all Si- berian trappers appear td take a special pride in capturing foxes alive. It seems to-be an article of superstitious belief among them that | to get a dead fox in a trap will de- prive them of some hidden virtue that resides in the living animal. More often than not they dig the silver fox out of his "earth,"' a) task of considerable difficulty, since he often oe up between the rocks | on @ hills . But it hse seems to be an article of faith among these Siberian tribes that the live fox must be promptly | put to death: That is invariably done with great solemnity, after the performance of special rites intend- | ed to gratify the trapper's pet! deity, and to cause the man to ac- quire the particular He of the animal he has caug he tempt- | ing prices that have recently been | offered to the Siberian trappers for | live foxes have, however. induced them to fore. remarkably were shown the Moscow Exhibi-| tion of Spores. held in 1912, and an equally fine collection has been as- sembled at the farm above men- tioned near St. Petersburg. a Remarkable Horse. A remarkable story is told of the sagacity of a horse belonging to Captain Watson, of Ardow, Mull, England, It lost 'a shoe, and, mar aging to get out of the field where it was grazing, travelled a consider- able distance to a blacksmith, who | was astonished to find the horse | standing in front of the re! hold- ing up a foreleg. ¢ horse was shod and it galloped back, happy, live'to be the age of Methuselah." 1 to its field. with a dry A iri pea cloth,- will the favorite food of the} surprise | these practices. Two! ao black silvers NOTES OF SCIENCE Cuili raises its best tobacco with! ot fine Cuba. ink erasor. dikasdyatine crocs @, requirement for euf- Sweet. oil, followed by rubbing cleanse brass HRY write S| frage. The Jordan is the world's most hg river, wandering 213 miles to cover 60 miles, " More than 4,800 persons have ap- -- to join the latest B sar here ts n Sorke tas be protected from mi, dew eh ening oil of lavender on. es In Japan there is a goldfish farm that has been in continuous opera~ tion 1763. The' smallest bird is a ---- American : hu bird size of a blucboee a fly. A paste made of kerosene and wood ashes will hurry a slow fire with little risk to the user. In Armenia there is a copper mine that has been worked continuously since prehistoric times. of a single piece of metal, new tool serves as a hatchet, Sala mer, nail puller and box chisel, The Russian Government has or- dered ten aeroplanes of a type to carry eleven persons in addition to the pilot. The Congo River and its en ies furnish more than 9 waterways navigable by tomed steamers. A new convenience for travellers is a shoe polishing brush with the back recessed to hold a dauber and ean of polish. French army officers are experi- } menting with an armored aeroplane that carnies a machine gun mounted above the motor. So well built wes the roof of Westminster Hal} in London yn recently was repaired for. the fi time in 500 years A farm implement which does the work of a plow, disk harrow and roller in a single trip over a field is a German invention. thin is a new oiled silk mater- ial for men's raincoats & gar- ment may be folded into a wallet and carried in a pocket. | Representatives of the Belgian | government are trying to drive an |automobile the length of Africa from the Cape of Good Hopes to Cairo. One small strip of the coal fields discovered an the antarcti flat-bot- healthy per- sons who have had infantile paraly- sis in youth is used by a French doctor in treating general paralysis jin adults. Soap !s-fastened in a reecss in the face of a new washboard so that clothes to be washed are passed ever it, saving the tame needed to rub it over them. To catch burgiars an Englishman j has patented mechanism to drop a | person who steps in front of a safe |at certain hours into a pif, doors closing over him. A Californian scientist claims to | have greatly --_ -ased the breeding capacity of sheep as well as their yield of wool by pasturing them un- | der high voltage electric wires. : _ OCCUPATION, PAWNERS. \vaniian Police Ceurt Case Reveals a Unique Profession, A Londen police court case has called attention to the existence of an avocation which is not known to 'exist anywhere else in the world. It is that of pawner, a profession jgiven over entirely to women who, in the poorer districts of London, jundertake, for a small compe uss tion, to carry. the goods of | necessitous but sens'tive neighbors ito the pawnshops. Most of thie , work of pawning is done for women who are ashamed to be seen enter- ling a pawnshep, but some cf it ig |done for other women who are too | busy to attend to the formality. In certain districts these pawners | are known as runner. They live on this work, charging from' one to two cents for each journey, according to ey means of their cliente. In one the meanest streets of the Eaet tnd, which has a pawnshop at each end, two women ply a busy trade-4s {pawners. Ons of there women is a widow, known and trusted in thia ,work, and she has built up a big connection in the neighborhood. She uses a peranibulator and ie fre- uently seen passing along tho street 'with a load of miscellaneous articles destined for the hungry {maw of the pawnshop. Munday | morning #3 her busy time, as hun- ' dreds of ill paid casual laborere de- jpend many times for their week's intenanos by pawning. something that day. On Saturday, when the head of the family brings home his money, the pawner ix called upon te redvem the goods which sho carried away on the previcus Mon. day. and usually the next Monday ithe first journey is repeat-d | The man who heaoore 'his. homes onor® his. flag