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Fr 1 :3 ate wo i or TEN em 1 RN hd ya a 12 THE OSHAWA TIMES, Thursday, April 27, 1961 Domination By USA. Canada's Great Fear WASHINGTON (CP)--Rising, the shadow of a giant, Can- is constantly pi by fears she may fall under com- te domination of her power- neighbor, the United States. border with Union soldiers at their heels.' TRIED IN CANADA One of the Confederates was captured by the Unionists on the Canadian side of the border. ty, It took some persuasion to force hen-|the Unionists to turn this pris- oner over to Canadians. Most of |,n; »f|the Confederates were caught, tried in Canadian courts and later set free, much to Wash- his-|ington's anger. Either as kidnap victims or volunteers, perhaps as many as 50,000 Canadians took part in that four-year human holocaust that brought death to some 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers. As are many other aspects of that 1861-65 conflict, this esti- mate is open to challenge. Some historians maintain there never were that many Canadians in the struggle; others say there were more. The exact number probably | never will be determined, though the Civil War Centennial Commission again offers the fig- ure of 50,000 as the number in the ranks of the northern forces. Others also had joined the south. AIDED UNION Whatever the number, there is plenty of evidence that a great many Canadians crossed the border to fight on the side] of those who pledged to set] Negro slaves free. Dollars also provided bait. Both the north and south of- fered bounties or special finan- clal inducements to the foreign-| born to swell their ranks or re- place .the striplings and full grown men felled in the devas- tating struggle. Some Canadians made the] Civil War a regular business. | They would accept payment to) replace some conscripted north- ern; get "lost" in battle; return to Canada and start the process all over again. Others found themselves in uniform by force--victims with| offers of special jobs or boldly| set up gangs to drug, slug or render their victims senseless with alcohol and then haul them) across for enlistment. Canadian interest in these] soldiers was shaded by moun- tainous concern over the impact of the struggle on Canada's destiny. The Canadian prov- inces then showed no great love for each other; there was no common thread of unity except through the mother country, Britain, a long way by packet boat across the Atlantic. FEARED INVASION But the united province of| Canada, composed of what now is Ontario and Quebec, and the Maritime provinces held com- mon worries -- the fear they might be engulfed in the Ameri- that American armies of the north might even- f tually invade Canadian terri- I tory. f Long before the Civil War be-| gan, Canadians favored the abo- lition of slavery. Canadians gladly took part inl a secret underground operation, --given railway names -- to] transport American Negro] slaves to Canadian territory| where they would be free. This underground "railway" system reached from Kentucky and Virginia across Ohio and from Maryland across Pennsylvania and New York. Perhaps as many as 100,000 Negroes may have been set] free in this way. So, Canadian sentiment | tended to favor Lincoln as the| Civil War opened. Sympathy for| southern rebels grew when it | | became evident that Lincoln| wasn't fighting so much to free the slaves as preserve the un- ion. Lincoln's own government] may have been partly to blame for his temporary decline in popularity in Canada, especially when his men stopped, a British ship, the Trent, and removed two Confederate commissioners who were on their way to Brit- ain. This was interpreted in some Canadian quarters as a high-handed action that could| lead to open Anglo-American] war. BRITISH ROLE While battles raged over the rolling terrain from Gettysburg to the Mexican border, Britain played her politics shrewdly. The south wanted her full sup- port. This, she calculated, might mean an open invitation to the northern armies to attack Can- ada. When the south couldn't get Britain's full support, it tried trickery -- plotting to involve | Canada in border incidents with] stir up hostilities on that border and relieve pressure on harried southern forces. The plots failed to achieve their puspase, | but one incident really ange the north and brought EE demands that Lincoln's men push into Canada| to prevent recurrence. Lincoln | argued that one war at a time was enough. The incident was the confed- erate plot hatched in Montreal to put the little town of St. Al- id Vt., 17 miles south of the Canadian border, to the torch. In the autumn of 1864 they suc- cessfully infiltrated the town, shot some of its residents, robbed three banks of $208,000 and rode back to the Canadian The St. Albans' affair is con- sidered one reason why the United States abrogated a trade reciprocity treaty with Canada which again tended to harden border relations. With the end of war and death of Lincoln, Canadian fear over or|/American invasion was height- ened by the fact that the Union was slow in demobilizing its forces. What did the United Le a States plan to do? Invade Can- ada? It was with such thoughts as these that supporters of Con- federation in Canada and Brit- ain strengthened their argu- ment and their voices. The op- position of the Maritimes was overcome. The dream of 'a united Canada, one that would gj eremually stretch from sea to , became a formal accomp- lishment in 1867 -- two years after the Civil War had ended. OLD H MONT JOLI, Qué. (CP)--His- toric Referd House, an old seigniorial home once owned by Lord Mount Stephen, first pres- ident of the CPR, is to be sold to the provincial government. The nearby house, famed for its gardens, has been visited by several Canadian governors-gen- eral and prime ministers. hla E88 Ah Tbs ath TT Te oi Si ed Exploding Stars Barbecue Planets By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS! Topics this week: Explod- ing stars, the pulse of a vol- hoy and a building brick e. COOKED WORLDS? Astronomers recently de- tected two nova -- two stars which suddenly exploded in glowing light and heat and other energy. A nova later subsides to its former faint- ness. But the sudden, rapid ex- nsion could well have urned or cooked any nearby planets and all their living things or "people." Whether this happened in the case of the two stars can only be a matter of speculation, since no one can know if they ever had planets. The nova were detected by Drs. Jason J. Nassau and Charles B. Step- henson of Case Institute of Technology. Taking the pulse of a vol- cano, experts predici that Ki- lauea volcano in Hawaii is building up to another major eruption. It has been re-inflating it- self with magma or molten material from deep in the earth. Another sien is swarms of tiny, shzllow earthquakes similar to those preceding major eruptions in 1955 and Toe. But the exact date for eruption cannot be fore- fold, say scientists at the Geo- logical Survey Hawaiian Vol- cano Observatory. RAIN DROP BARRAGE The biggest raindrops usu- ally fall at the start of a storm. Winds are the main reason. The larger drops are less affected by winds, hence fall more vertically, while smaller drops are blown out of the vertical path, explain Prof. Anelson Dingle and Ken- neth R. Hardy, University of Micligan Meteorological Yab- oratory. And, they add, it takes about a million cloud droplets of average size to form one raindrop. BRICK OF LIFE Portions of living bodies-- the flesh, nerves, hair and tendons -- are composed of building bricks known as amino acids. Generally some 20 of them, arranged in speci- fic fashion, make up the dif- ferent proteins. Now a new amino acid has been discovered in col the tendon material, by versity of Cincinnati ers. They report it is the first new amino acid found since 1925. The finding opens new || fields for research, including || the question whether certain presence or absence of this amino acid. HOME FOR AGED MOOSE JAW, Sask. (CP)-- The new Elks home for senior citizens will be officially opened May 27. The 10 double, self- contained units were opened for, occupancy April 1. The project cost $200,000. PENNYWORTH'S THE STORE FULL OF BAR Satisfaction Guaranteed or Money Refunded -- You are Invited tc tc Open a Budget Account. 21 BOND ST. WEST, OSHAWA HARWOOD AVE., AJAX CORDUROY SNEAKERS He Running shoes--Colors: red, gold, green. Sizes 5 to 10. 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