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AES. = x "THE COST OF WAR (The Journal of Education) (In an article in "Think and Inter: Thomas J. of war, national = Conciliation", Watson estimates the cost with particular reference to the par: ticipation of the United States in the World War.) The World War took toll of 23 mil- lion Jives 10 million soldiers and 13 niillion civilians. In addition, 23 mil- lion soldiers were wounded or missing, 9 million children were orphaned, and 10 million persons became refugees. This toll of lives was taken from the ablest and best of the world's popula- tion. Among those killed and disabled were many whose ability «and genius would have made" great contributions to the civilization and progress of mankind, The Treaty of Versailles, which ena- ed the "War to End All Wars" was signed only nineteen years ago. In the intervening years the utter futility of war has been vividly apparent from the fact that-none of the combatants in the World War won; they all lost. Yet today the nations of the world, large and small, are again engaged in a race to rearm at an expense of many billions annually in the fear that the world is headed for anothér-outbreak of- hostilities. What humanity faces in this terrific vace of rearmament is only to be shown by figure facts, Let us examine "the cost of the World War. Let us is consider- what might have been done the! fs it was before, and increased the only some 1500 belong: to the O.E.A. if | total running expenses of the Govern-. Nor is the proportion what it should with the money expended for World War by this country alone, it had been employed instead for the "welfare of our people. And, finally, let us attempt to estimate what par- ticipation in another World War would cost us, for we could not kee out of another World War. In money, the World War cost --$337,844,000,000, of which 189 billions were spent directly and the remaining cost_was in destruction of property and 'stoppage of industry, amount the cost to the United States for the war period was 32 billions of dollars. Continuing costs of the World War now total 19 billions of dollars, __ which, when added to the costs of the ware period, make a staggering of 51 billions of dollars. The human mind can scarcely real- "ize the enormity of the social and, econoime waste tepresented by part of this war cost borne by the IInited: States alone. = Fifty-one bi lion of dollars would pay the -eost of, and | running the public elementary high' schools and universities and col- leges of the entire nation for seven- "teén years. It would build nearly two | million miles of paved roads, which is ahout three times the mileage of all|" "surfaced roads now in use in the United State. It would construct 12~ 750,000 six-room houses. It would construct sixteen hospitals costing a million dollars each, in everyone of the 3,073 counties of the United States. It would pay the unemploy- ment insurance premiums on all em- ployees of business and industry of the United States for more than 100 years at the New York State rate. The 51 billions of dollars which the --World-War-has-cost-us---to-date could do all the following: Wire the 9,400,000 urban. and rural homes of the United States<Which do not have electricity; pay all farm mortgages in the United States; in- "stall bathrooms with running water in' the 80 per cent. of our farm homes which do not have them; double the present endowment funds of alk in- stitutions of higher learning in the United States; build four consolidated rural high schools at $260,000 each in every county of the United States; spend a million dollars in each 'county for airports and emergency landing fields; build ten bridges like the Tri- borough Bridge; build another cana} across the Isthmus of Panama; estab- lish a five-billion-dollar. program for prevention of floods and soil erosion; set up an endowment fund which at «3 per cent. interest would provide a pension of $100 a month for every blind person and deaf-mute in the United States; finance the entire re- covery and relief programme of the). United States from the time: it begun in 1932 to the end of the fiscal year 1938, which includes aid to ggricul- ture, the Civil Works Administration, the Public Works Administration, aid hone owners, and the resettlement and "housim? activities of the. govern- ment; and endow at 2 per cent. an or- ganization to promote world) peace at more than the combined "cont of the Leagnue of Nations, the World Court, ahd the International Labor orgahiza tions, The Aftermath The combined national debts of the countries of the world was increased from about 43 billions of dollars in 1913 to 400 billions in 1921, The cost of living was doubled. - The inflated price structure and disloeation of tad and industry finally resylted in the world-wide Bepienfiens which be- pan dn 1920, The. world is stil] - paying for that war in interest on debt and in caring the crippled and insane. Over 4 bil- lions of. dollars of the expenditures of the United States Government in 1936 can be traced diveetly {o war and more 31% billions more was for relief to the depression which grew out than "dae of the war. Of the 82% billions of dollars of government expénse of 19:36, about 7% billions, or 88 per cent, was due, directly and indirectly, to war. That another world war would lead (o bankruptey for the nation seems certain when we examine thescost of wars to this country, beginning with the Civil War. That war cost about 215 billions of dollars not including destruction of property, and raised government expenses to a new level about five times as high as before the war. The per capita debt of the coun- try was increased thirty times (from $2.06 to $63.19.) - Five years after the war (in 1870) the interest on the public debt annually was approxi- mately double the pre-war total of all government expenses. ' The Spanish-American War, thirty- thrée years after the Civil War, and lasting only a few months, left the United States with an annual expenditure for national de-! i fence more than three times as high' | ment by 46 per cent. Nearly twenty years later, the United States entered i the World War, which raised expendi- tures from 734 million dollars to more 11% times as high as before. Nation- "al debt was increased from $12.16 per ci apita before the war to $222.35 in 1921, and the- interest was nearly '14 war, I Based wjpon such figures, it seems fair to conclude that another major war would cost the United States from-130 to 150 billions of dollars and . about 160 billions. Comparing military expenditures of 1913, I Great Britain's has gone from $386,- £307,000,000 to $653,000,000; Ger- many's from $281,000,000 to $1,660,- 000,000; Italy's from $195,000,000 to 1 $2061,000,000; and the United States' I from. $215,000,000 to $962,000,000. gArms and the Mind The" 462 millions of dollars the United States is now spending for armaments is ahout double the amount 'we 'are spending to- run our norntal schools, collages, universities, professional schools. It would pro- and correction of "every one of the 700,000 boys and girls of this country who are making a wrong start that leads to crime. We cannot eliminate all of our crime bill, _estimated to. he 15 billions- an- bounds of possibility if we speak of | climinating half of it. . The great lesson which civilization war is certain to*bankrupt the world, both financially and morally. It must also learn that war can be avoided; and that the free interchanke. of ideas and ideals, of men and meth- ods, of products and processes, can afford every nation an equal oppor- tunity to advance the welfare of its' people. should sce atl countries of .the world reduce trade barriers in time, stabilize their currencies and adjust their in- ternational debts on a basis that will be fair to debtor and creditor coun- tries alike, 3 If all countries would adopt apirit- ually the principle of "World Peace through World Trade" higher living standards and prosperity for all would be sure to follow, om % Beavérton Convention Leaders Discuss Modern Trends. At the Ontario County Convention of the Educational Association , two notable addresses' were given, The first was by Mri J, W, Trusler, Field Secretary of the O.E.A., at Beaverton Convention on June 20th, close of the Mrs, James Gordon, of Gamebridge, presided. Mr. Trusler briefly outlined work of 'the Ontario Educational Af- sociation, which is to secure co-oper- ative effort between teachers and trustees for the improvement of edus gotions] conditions in Ontario. . By: equalizing. thé money at the itn! of the schools so that "all should have equal educational oppor- tunities. - Thig=is particularly neces sary in-medical inspection and in son subjects as Business Practice, House-' hold Science, Agriculture, Farm Me- hchancis, Art and Music, Many "schools cannot afford these advantages and the children suffer accordingly. © 2. Urging increase of grants from the Central Government. Thiz cam- paign" is now bearing fruit and the grants to schools in Ontario have been largely increased of late years. But Ontario is still far behind many other ag in this respect. 3. In teacher training, and in so im- air the position of the teacher that -he becomes a permanent and helpful citizen instead of being con- stantly on the move to better his condition. 1. Equalization of teachers' salavies which mow run all the way from $500 to $5000 a year, with the sesult that rural areas frequently have to put-up with the poorer class of teachers. This is natural, as good teachers are ambitious and capable and gravitate to the larger centres Where the better salaries are paid. 5. Organization of both teachers the year before the world war, the, "with those of the current fiscal year, fee system to the free system, which vide $1,375 for the special education' As a result of 'thifs lesson we! and trustees for united effort along the lines already mentioned. There is still much to be "done along these lines as out of 22,000 school trustees be among the teachers where-out of about 21,000 only 25% belong to this central parliament of education. deed among rural teachers the pro- than 3'% billions, a new level about portion is less than 100 out of 7000. P Administration: 'Ihe Larger Unit of Mr. V. K. Gréér, Chief Inspector of Public and Separate Schools in On- tario was the next speaker. He dealt y times as much as all government ex- with the larger unit of school admim- of this penses together had been _béfore the stration and outlined 'the growth of jour system from the carly days when the British parish school idea pre- vailed, to the present time when it is becoming increasingly apparent that best 'educationiil results can, now: only totar | Would leave us with a debt burden of be attained by the co-operative effort "made possible under the larger unit tion and administration." : 'The movement has been from the in its day met as much or greater op- 1- 1 000,000 to $870,000,000; France's from position than the present movement toward the larger unit, Defining the purpose of Depart- ments of Education, Me Greer said: "They, are for. the purpose of study so «that the people may be kept in- , formed of better methods of educa: | tion and administration, In their studies, members of the De- partment of Education have been con- "stantly faced with the fact that -the small school area is. greatly handi- andy capped in.its effort to provide the best educational facilities, The first attempt to remedy- this condition was the introduction of the "Pownship School Boards Bill." This was a somewhat rigid arrgngement by, | which the Township was controlled by one or two boards. This idea has now been. changed to permit of -unions nually, but we are thinking within the large or small, so long as the best heartily joined . educational interests of the commun- "ity are served. There are now ex- actly, fifty of these larger units ins. must now learn is that another great Ontario, and they range in number all! | the way from two to thirteen school sections. That nieans that in the latter case five trustees took the place of thirty-nine. - Under the larger uit REY the whole local situation is studied and necessary re-arrangements of school 'population, teachers, and the use of school buildings is made. Fr equently the senior pupils can be placed in one school where the more advanced Course of Study can be taught, and where extra tr more practical subjects can be introduced. As forty to sixty per cent of pupils leave «school after the first year of High School, it has been felt that the Coursé of Study up to that time should 'be made more complete in ft- self; and that it should. be given a more practical -turn-than--is---usually the case, ,, This is quite in accord with the latest stutlies which go to show that hand work and' head. work. are mutually beneficial. Shop work, home economics, and business practice give particular proof of this fdGt. Under the larger unit of administra- tion, the Government is paying sixty per cent. of the cost of necessary transportation of pupils, This is true 'whether the larger unit is made up of two or more sections. In all cases the In-. ee Po wesc, Sommegeg nt care of one of the trustees on the larger unit Board, A In order to facilitate the equaliza- tibn of taxation in the larger unit "area, where there are different assess- ments, and where debentures are not call paid, the Govefnment. pays an jextra grant of $100 per school. an- nually, beginning in the year when the by-law, for union is passed. In many ether ways the Jarger unit may help the taxpayer, such 'asin the buying of #0! supplies 'of uniform quality at a distinct saving. He Such is. a brief outline of Mr. Greer's address, which was well re- ceived by the audience. The chief thing stressed was the fact that the Government. does not interfere with local administration. What changes ave. made are those which the local board voluntarily carries out. After leaving Beaverton, the writer had' the pleasure of riding home with Inspector Greer, and during the con- versation on the homeward journey, this incident was told. Prior to the establishment of the larger unit at Sharbot "Lake, there were eleven school sections. At the last annual "school meetings | under the old system, there was a. total of fifty-five persons at all- the meetings--an average of five persons at each school section meeting. When the vote was taken for the new board of five trustees there were 350 votes cast, which shows conclusively that public inter- est is increased when the larger unit is adopted. Several pleasing musical numbers were given by pupils of local schools. The following officers were elected: President--Mrs. Jas. Gordon, Ganre- bridge; Vice-President--Howard Har- per, Goodwood; Sec.-Treas.--Jno N. Mark, Seagrave; Directors--William Bagshaw, Sunderland, Angus Grant, Beaverton; Mrs, Geo. Hood, Scugog; Samuel Farmer, Port Perry; Malcolm Forsyth, Claremont, 1 rs Wedding Chives: 'Butson-Red man A very pretty wedding was solemn- ized last Saturday afternoon, June 24, when Dorothy May Redman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Roy G. Redman, of the Township of Reach, hecame. the wife of Clarence W. Butson, son of Mr. and Mrs. C. Russell Butson, of I'rince _Albért, Ontario. The ceremony was performed by tev. Joseph Denny, former Minister] of the groom, at Chalk_Lake, at the home of the bride in the presence of upwards of fifty invited guests, near relatives and friends of the happy pair. i "Neath a beautiful bridal arch, out- |x doors, composed of evergreen with lovely yellow roses thickly interwoven, the vows were taken. The.day was all as the weatherman had prediéted. An ideal June day. with just enough breeze to add to the romance "6f the occasion as it gently stirred the tops of the surrounding trees. "The bride was given in marriage by her father, and her sister-in-law Mrs, Hele Wagg acted as bridesmaid, while the groom was attended by his future brother-in-law Mr. _ Harold Redman. The bing party | then sat down to: a sumptuous supper --in which all The tables were hedecked with gorgeous blooms which were in rich variety. When 'all had done justice to the hounteous feast the newlyweds left for Windsor .where they hope to spend their honeymoon. They departed with the best wishes of all in a car.wel decorated for the event, - When they return they hope to take up their residence at Blackstock in the farming profession. , Many were the gifts, most useful, presented by, admiring "and well- wishing friends who trust for thelr happy anid successful future, ' [] l tO EP OW Ontario's Sunday Laws At a recent meeting of the Osha- wa Presbytery of The United Church of Canada, held in Brooklin, recently, much interest was shown in in ad- of Toronto; General Secretary of The Questions rating. to Ontario' 's Sunday laws, Attention was called to the conta: sion in the minds of many Ontario citizens on. the actual issues involved in the recent suggestions. regarding changes in our Sunday laws. opinion of Mr. Webber much of this donfusion centred in the 1845 pre. Confederation Sunday law which is still effective within this Province of the individual schools are under direct Ontario, Another source of confusion dress by the Rev. Geo. G:~ Webber; =r In the] ° was the plea for modernized Sunday legislation to give the poor man equality of privilege in the matter of Sunday recreation, The Secretary of' The' Lord's Day | Alliance: pointed out that no new Flegislation was required fo give ample |" freedom for 'personal recreation on Sundays. As far as Sunday laws are concerned the poor man is not under | any different legal restrictions than the rich man, .The rich man has more money to spend on recreation any day fof the week, and no Sunday law could ¢qualize the privileges of citizens on various' income levels. The 1845 pre- Confederation law forbids. noisy games on Sundays within the Province of Ontario.. The 1906 Federal' Lord's Day Act does not forbid personal re- creation on Sundays. The restrictions of that law are directed against pro- fessional and commercial sports on ment only. Recent proposals in Ontario con- templated provincial legislation to supplement the existing Sunday laws as these applied within this province. The parties interested in securing that sports and entertainment. should be legalized on Sundays within the Pro- vince of Ontario, : Under the leadership of the Lord's Day Alliance, and with the coopera. tion of the Churches of the province, wide. publicity was given these pro- posals and information given on the issues involved. The knowledge that such proposals were being considered quickly roused widespread protest from all parts of the province. Pro- tests, petitions- and communications were forthcoming to such an extent that the Government were convinced |- that public sentiment in Ontario was strongly opposed to any such Joosen- ing of our Sunday laws. In response to these expressions of public opinion no 'legislation was in- troduced into the Legislature, and our quiet Sunday was conserved. With continued vigilance on the part of the Lord's 'Day Allidnce," the Churches and interested citizens we may "be '| confident of retaining our quiet and restful Sunday against the forces o commercialization and secularisation. SCUGOG Born--To Mr. and Mrs, Russell Pogue, on June 13, 1939, a son. ' The meeting of the Women's Asso- ciation was held in the Township Hall last Tuesday afternoon with a good attendance and Mrs. G.- Cherrie, Mrs. 'E. Ploughman, Miss Helen Clark, Mrs, C. 'Graham and Mrs. N. Crozier as Hostesses, The meeting opened by our president in the chair, Mrs. F. G. Joblin gave a splendid story from the Study Book. It was planned to have a' strawberry festival on June 28. A good prograin is. being arranged: Everyone enjoyed the lovely supper with ice cream as a special feature, Proceeds: $9.85, Mr. and Mrs. R. Carter, Mr. 1, Carter and son Allan and Mr, P, Hood attended the golden wedding anniver- sary of their brother at Whitevale on Tuesday, June 20th. Miss Luella Jeffrey of Toronto, is spending "her summer vacation home { with her parents Mr, and Mrs." W. Jeffrey, | «Miss 'Olive Schell, of Oshawa, and Mr, Geo. Ormiston, of 'Raglan, were week: end guests of her parents Mr, and Mrs, Geo: Schell. bs Mr, J. L. Sweetman has improved nthe appearance "of his store with a fresh coat of paint. = My, and Mrs. Alton Mark and little Sundays, and commercial entertain-|. legislation proposed that commercial. Potted Flowers and Plants ~ FOR ALL OCCASIONS wm. ETTEY, Prine Albert, Phone -206 Marlene also Mrs. Geo, Schell visited Oshawa. one day last week, and called on their aunt' Mrs. W, Wannamaker at Prince Albert. Mr. Gordon Tetlow is busy nolping Mr. J. L. Sweetman in the store and delivering where he has made himself very popular with 'customers, Mr. and Mrs. G. Carnochan. and little Ruth, of Burketon, spent the wek end with his brother Mr, H, Car- nochan, Mrs. W. Davey, Port Perry, Mrs. E, Pettitt, Mrs. G. Schell, spent a most enjoyable time 'with Mrs, D. Crozier for dinner and had afternoon tea with Mrs. M._ Fralick, one day last week. Hhe popular play "The Wild Oats Boy" was given in Little Britain and Greenwood last week. It was given this week at Shirley, on the 26th, Mr. Stewart Mark is helping Mr. G. Samells to prepare for putting in a furnace. Mr. and Mrs. Cc. Mills, Cecil, Mildred and Mr. Roy Hope, visited relatives at Manilla on Sunday. : 5 " | YF "ONTARIO GOVERNMENT WEED "KILLER NOW AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC The new type of weed killer de- veloped by Dr. W. J. Stephen of the Crops, Seeds and Weeds Branch, and announced by the Honourable P. M. Dewan, Ontario Minister of Agricul- ture, is now available for public use, the Department reports. : Full inforamtion as to formula-and source of supply - for ingredients has been sent out to Agricultural Repre- sentatives, Road Supt. and Weed In- spectors. Prospective users should contact these men in their respective areas or write direct to the Crops, Seeds a Weeds Branch, - 'Parliament Buildings, ' Toronto. The weed killer has no fire hazard and the cost is but half of weed form- ulas formerly in use, 'A spray in time saves wind That's why road officials are ready to start at once in an effort to eliminate that dread -threat to hay. fever sufferers (Ragweed--and the blight of many sumemr resorts (Poison Ivy). Other 'weeds equally hated by farmers and |rendy- for spraying are Perennial Sow Thistle and the Spurges. ~ It is very important to do a thor- ough job when spraying. Every part of the weed must be covered unti] it is dripping wet, Dr.- Stephen declares, i Myrtle Station Rev. W. E. Honey delivered: his farewell message on Sunday to the four congregations on the charge. In the evening at Myrtle he chose Acts 20:17-36 for his lesson, and verse 82 for the text: "And ngw, brethren, I his grace, which is able to build yoy up, and -to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified." It is with regret that"we hid faye- well to Mr, Honey after five years of faithful 'service, and as he leaves for his new charge on Friday our hest wishes for his success g2 with him. 'Church service next Sunday will he commend you to God, and the ward of |. in charge of the new pastor, Rev, Mr. Gervan, at 3 pm. Sunday School at 1.45 p.m.. The induction service for Rev. Mr. Gervan will be held inthe church on' Thursday evening at 8 o'clock and will be in charge of Rev, W. Rackham, chairman of the Presbytery. Saturday afternoon proved ideal for the annual Sunday School picnic which was held in Geneva Park. The com- munity was well represented and about sixty enjoyed the races, ball games, horse- back riding, swimming tank, and last but ndteast, the bountiful supper of everything that appeals to ones appetite at a picnic. It was a happy, though tired crowd, that left the park for the homeward journey. Miss Genevieve Brown of - Toronto, visited over the week-end with Mrs,'F, Briggs and Mrs. Harold Stredwick. . Little John Kirkham entertained several of his playmates at his birth- day party on Saturday afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Hinton and family of -| Toronto spent Sunday with the form- ; er's mother, Mrs, Carey. Mr. and Mrs, Murray Payne and family of Toronto, were Sunday visit- ors of Mr. and Mrs.- C, Harrison. Mr, and Mrs. Ed. Wickett, of Little Britain, visited with Mrs. H. Lane last- week. Mr. Chas, Fox ol Blackwater, called on friends here on Sunday. -Mr, and Mrs. William Lammiman and son Will, of Oshawa, spent a day during the. past. week with Mr. and Mrs. O. H. Lane. "The hay-making season is now well . under way. ful and. excellent quality. Mr, and Mrs, -John Chisholm, Mr. and Mrs, 'Hall, of Toronts, Mrs, Joe Greentree, Mr. and Mrs, Gordon Bunker and Joy of Oshawa, werd rel cent callers of Mr, and Mrs. Robt. Chisholm, Mrs. Jack Kirkham was' in Toronto on Monday, - Miss Mary June Lee of Greenbank, Spent the week end with her grand- parents, Mr, and Mrs, W. J. Cook, Mr, and Mrs. Trovan and Catharine, Mr, and Mrs, David: Smith, all of To- tonto, were Sunday guests of Mr. and Mrs. A. Downey. A social afternoon J will be held on the 'church lawn on Thursday, July 6th, under the auspices of the Women's Association. Everybody. welcome, Mr. ahd Mrs. Gep:- -Butson and "Miss Viola, of Greenbank, spent a few days at. their home here. Mrs, Leslie and: her daughter, Mrs, Randall, of Toronto, visited at the parsonage, on Sunday,' 31 Mr. Maitland Martin of Whitby, and his cousin Miss Mary Givéns, of Tao- ronto,. caleld on friends here on Sat- day evening, BIG DAY AT GREBNBANK oy 1 The -annual Supper and entertain- ment in connection with Greenbank United Church will be held or July 1. Supper will he served at 6 p.m, wit strawberries as the: feature, This will be followed by a play | ven by the Yelve: on 'Dramatic Club, - i) nite "The aly. ade Family." the First at Greenbank, Pure, wholesome, deliclous-- tothered cooler neat you and enjoy a frosty bottle of "Coca-Cola! now. ; FURT PERRY BOTTLING WORKS, PORT PERRY, Phone 41. THE RIGHT SLANT ON REFRESHMENT "Good things from nine sunny climes! That's ice-cold "Coca Coca-Cola," with a tingling taste--it's 'only 8¢. Go . DIZEIL Ceatoly Delicious Refre and shing Strawberries are plenti- LS xX