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ANA Sri iD sbob PACE SIX 4% A PER WO LLL PTL op OSHAWA, ONTARIO, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1922 The Wonderful Romance of Steel A new metal, as strong as steel and as cheap as iron, was the great- ; est need of the world sixty-seven years ago. The railways were using iron rails that wore out in less than two years, and iron built ships were proving as out of date as wooden built vessels, One of the famous inventors of the day, Henry Bessemer, the British- born son of a Frenchman, set him- self to solve the problem. His tire- less efforts resulted in the discovery of a practicable method of convert- ing iron into malleable steel. This invention was scorned at first, but he persevered with it, and from it sprang an industry the like of which had never before been seen. It has ousted coal and cotton from their former unrivalled industrial importance; produced as many mil- lionaires in six months as had pre- viously been made in sixty years; and changed small villages into great steel' cities such as Sheffield, New- castle and Pittsburg, U.8.A. Today, from our razors and car- ving knives to the great propeller shaft of ocean liners; from the giant framework of the skyscrapers to the tiny pinions of our watches, we rely upon steel, No metal plays such an important part in our lives; we could not do without it. The story of steel is a romance, Before Bessemer's day a variety of steel was produced at great trouble, a few pounds at a time, "This was used for Sheffield cutlery, but the cost was so high that for general purposes it was no rival to wrought iron, which held the market, The stumbling-block to progress was the presence in pig-iron of quantities of carbon and other impurities, If these conld be removed on a wholesale scale, and at small cost, steel would he a commercial proposition. How could it he done? One day Bessemer had a conversa- tion with Napoleon I1I., newly bhe- come Emperor of France. The lat- ter complained that the metal used in making cannon was poor and ex- pensive; and at his suggestion Bes- semer at once hegan experiments in London. What Bessemer Found To use his own words in 1855: "The idea struck me of making mal- leable iron by introducing air into the fluid metal." He tried it, This is what he found. When the air is blown into molten metal the oxygen, which has an attraction for carbon, unites with the carhon and other impurities of the iron and leaves the pure iron But more than that, the process re- quired little fuel, for the carbon and oxygen generated enough heat to keep the metal molten. This oxy- gen, which could be had without money in unlimited quantities, to hecome the creator of cheap steel! It was not all plain sailing. At the first demonstration of the meth- od, the blast of air was so strong that it blew three-fourths of the iron out of the converter, and when was | Bessemer gave a lecture before a scientific audience it was voted not to mention his *silly" paper in the minutes of the Association. The inventor, however, realized what a splendid future lay ahead. The wildest dreams of riches were not too fantastic to come true, His persevrance found reward; he per- fected his invention and put it upon the market, Thousands of Bes- semer converters were at work turn- ing 'out billions and billions of ! pounds of steel for a waiting world |] only too eager to huy it. How did the (onverter work? A machine in the shape of a huge iron pot, about twice the size of a man, it held about 30,000 -1bs. of molten metal. From 200 little holes in the bottom, a strong blast of air was turned on. The air rushed like a tornado through the converter, the impurities of 'the iron--the phos- phorus, sulphur, silicon, and car- bhon-- heing hurled out of the metal at a terrific rate. A quarter of an hour and the process was completed, and another fifteen tons of metal was poured in. Only the First Step, The introduction of this converter by Sir Henry Bessemer--as he after- wards became-- was only the first step in a great industrial revolu- tion. He had found the key to a new era of progress; and as other inventors, notably the Scotsman, Muchet, improved upon the original patent, steel hegan to hoom as noth- ing had ever hoomed before, Orders for steel come to Britain from all corners of the earth, and money flowed into British coffers with a rapidity that amazed even the steel-masters. It was as if some Midas' hand had seen iron turned to steel and had transformed that same steel to gold! The British steel-makers had un- limited scope and practically no op- position. Not only did they cater for the needs of Europe but they flooded the States with steel rails to replace the old iron ones. Within twenty-five years of Bessemer's invention taking shape, Great Britain's sales of steel and iron in the United States alone totalled over $50,000,000 a year. It was. a time when made wholesale! Such a state of affairs could not ontinue, Although ten years bhe- millionaires were | hind, the United States began to maké up leeway, and then into the scene stepped the man whose life is the story of steel--Andrew Car- negie, the poor Dunfermline hoy who became one of the richest men in the world. In five years' time the an- nual production of steel in the Unit- ed States had risen from about $60,- 000 to almost $2,500,000; in another few years it had been doubled: then it had been trebled, until today the United States Steel Corporation-- perhaps the biggest business con- cern in the world--has more profit in a year than the revenn2 of Lon- don, Great Strides Made, This wonderful = chinge was brought about hy Carnegie zided hy a We.shman, Captain William Jones, Not only did Carnegi:, with 1he shrewdness aaa far > 2 ('ness his race, build up a gigantic fortune for himself, he showed the way to thousands of others to do the sane, Great strides in production have been made since those early days, and methods have chang:d also, The Bessemer process has hean eclipsed, and today the open-heartn furnace takes its place, In this furnace molten layers of slag carry out the work of the blasts of air in the Bessemer converter, This slag, which is placed over the surface of the bath of molten metal, carries a high proportion of iron ox- ide, and the oxygen of this oxide re- acts violently with the carbon and silicon on the molten pig-iron, from which the impurities are thus re- moved. What is the position of the steel industry today? Britain is just now outstripped in the race for suprem- acy, a fact largely due to the Great War. "Great Britain today is manufac- turing between ten and eleven mil- lion tons of steel a year," said Sir Robert Hadfield, the British steel magnate, recently, The United Sta- tes is manufacturing between thirty- seven and forty million tons. We have dropped tens of thousands of tons behind in the steel-making race 'Steel and progress must go hand in hand. The stone age, the wood age, the ordinary iron age are past; | this is the steel age, and this coun- try must buckle to and make more steel if it is to keep up with the times, "The world wants more steel for thousands of ifs reconstruction jobs. | The markets are open. Britain can either sell in them or buy in them." He laughs at scars who never tried to pass another car at a curve, ~--St. Joseph News-Press. Come To Us To Save Your Property Walk into our office and learn 'that it is "penny wise and pound foolish" not to have fire insurance protection or not to have sufficient. We offer liberal policies in the leading companies, lowest rates and full exemptions and concessions where possible. Consult us on all fire insurance matters. In- formation gladly furnished, V. A. HENRY INSURANCE 111% Simcoe 8, Phone 1198W, IF tonight the messenger called and you had time to think, would you regret the efforts and sacrifices you had made in order to pay the premiums on the life insurance your get? family would And how would you feel if the call . came and you had not protected your dear ones with life insurance? If you have not performed that one simple act of considerate fore- sight for the protection of those dearest to you, can you longer neglect doing so? Call up The Prudential service man in this district--now, ne Edward D. Duffield, President DAVID MORRIS, ASST. SUPT. If every wife knew what every widow knows, every husband would be insured. enfial Insurance (To. of America Home Office, Newark, N.J. 1.0.0.F BLOCK, 8 KING ST. WEST, OSHAWA SEE: OUR} STOCK OF Christmas Cards & Booklets Order Early Your PRIVATE GREETING CARDS ------ of | tient dirsithmmsadindiaaudGR Castle *- : 4 One of the most remarkable struc- tures in the Western hemisphere, and quite as remarkable as some of the ancient structures ever heard of it says Harry A. Franck, Citadel of | Christophe. Few people have ever {heard of it, says Harry A, Peacock, \who has been roaming through the West Indies, and he describes it as follows: We caught our first view of it from "the Cape." The January day shine, which brought out every crack land wrinkle of the long mountain {range cutting its ragged outline in the Haitian sky to the southward of the city. On the top of its highest peak, {called the "Bishop's Bonnet," -stood (forth a square-cut summit, which {only the preinformed could have be- lieved was the work of man, Twenty- five miles away it looked like an enormous hack in the mountain it- self, a curious natural formation which man could never have imitated {except on a tiny scale, It is a long standing joke in Cap Haitlen to listen in all solemnity to new-comers laughing to scorn the 'assertions of the residents that this |distant mountain summit was fash- (ioned by human hands. | Christophe's palace of Sans Souci for such it was, is wholly uninhabit able today, yet there is still enough ot it standing to {indicate it was |once one of the most ornate and com- modious structures in the western hemisphere, | Two pairs of mammoth gate- posts, square in form and nearly twenty feet high, guard the entrance to the lower yard-platform, bound- {ed hy a heavy stone wall. On the inside these are hollowed out into | unexpected sentry-hoxes, for Chris- [tophe was a strong believer in many guards, i Higher up sustained by a still |stronger wall, is another grassy plat- | form, from which a stairway as broad and elaborate as any trodden by European sovereigns, leads likewise {to a balustraded entrance court, also {flanked by sentry-hoxes. , Crumbling {walls in which many small bushes Hatis Wonderful | had broken in a flood of tropical sun- khave found a foothold, tower high aloft above this, to where they are broken off into jagged irregularity. Five Stories High, The palace was evidently five stories high, built of native brick and plaster, and the architecture is still impressive, despite its dilapi- dated condition, and for all its Af- rican-minded ostentation. The roof has completely given way, and in the vast halls of the lower floor grow wild oranges and tropical bushes, Those higher up, of which only the edges of the floors and walls remain, are said to have included a great ball-room, an immense billiard-hall, separate suites for the emperor and his black consort, and apartments for the immediate royal family. Before this mammoth the memory of Sans Souci sinks into insignificance, As the latter is or- nate and cheerful in architecture, the citadel is savage in its unadorned masculine strength, The mighty stone walls, twenty 'feet thick in many cases, are square-cut and for- midable in their great unbroken sur- faces. The northern side #s red with fungus, the rest merely weath- er-dulled. Even the cannon of to- day would find them worthy adver- saries, Time, which has wrought such havoc on the palace at the moun- tain's foot, has scarcely made an im- pression on the exterior of this cyclo- , pean structure, and even within only {the wooden portions have given way. Great iron-studded doors, groaning [on their mammoth hinges, give ad- mitance to an endless labyrinth of gloomy chambers, dungeon-like in all but their astonishing size. Cannon of the largest. makes | known when the fortress was con- | structed, are to be found everywhere, |some of them still pointing dizzily structure | The Finest Green Tea is undoubtedly "SALADA" It is pure fresh and wholesome and the flavor is that of the true green leaf. Hie in other lines?--Border Cities Star. The question now is whether Fra- nee and Great Britain will permit Turkey to gobble all it wants.--Co- lumbia Record. The Turks are living up to their reputation for cruelty. One of the first things they did after occupy- ing towns in the neutral zone was to close all the saloons.--Brooklyn Eagle. made a name for himself much wider than the College , Classroom. His book on "Jesus and Life" is one of the most readable and inspiring con- tributions to Christian living in re- cent years. It has had a great sale, at the summer school for young peo- ple at Geneva Park. ! The Ford policy of price reductions will be a success. Why not try it {out of their embrasures, stretching | lin row after row of super-imposed hatteries, others lying where the rot- [ting of their heavy wooden supports | has left them. COLUMBUS Thanksgiving Services will he held {in the Preshyterian Churches at [Columbus next Sunday morning at {half past eleven and in Brooklin at |seven, The preacher is Professor | McFadyen, of Queen's College, {Though only two years in Canada, | Professor McFadyen has already | | | | | Don't Invest All me Your Surplus Funds You may urgently need ready cash some day. Keep some handy in our savings department, OSHAWA STANDARD BANK BRANCH . . Manager. Oshawa Cash Grocery 41 N. SIMCOE ST. PHONE 1199 Free Delivery to Any Part Town Aylmer Corn 2 cans 25c¢. Aylmer Peas Finest French Peas Castle Salmon Kippered Snacks .. 3 tins 25¢. Campbell's Soups, Assorted 15c¢. tin Lipton's Coffee 1 Ib. tin 55c. White Clover Honey, Crown Pint jars Mince Meat Seedless Raisins ...............ccorc Finest New Dates Currants .. New Cheese ... XXX Pastry Flour 1 Ib. tin 24c. Is N ADVERTISED Gladys Sly, Frank Andison, Chandler, hie Galka, Fred Powlenzuk, Bert ow In Full Swing If we can't give prizes we sure can give Bargains. The Business we did Wednesday is ample proof that our Customers know when we advertise a Special Sale, the Bargains are well worth ¢ SATURDAY, THE LART DAY OF OUR SALE BESIDERS OUR 3 James CI Doris Mo "Ir. 1L- Sargent. der, Bil gie Eva James, EB ley. (equal), Sr. Sr. 1. son, C Zella ¥ ursclzy ing for. RA SPECIALS NEW COATS ndiee selling at $39. Some very Coat is distinctive ice Saturday . . ..$27.50 NEW HATS Il and Winter lines. Some NY 4 anno snnnsanaaesiOB ) Sons OM Jr. L Primary Sr. Pi (Con