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al va CA N AUDA 1rlE OSHAWA DAILY TIMES. SATURDAY, JUNE 16, 1928 fff iy Na HER MILESTO N by < k alii a NE -- "HOW "O CANADA" ORIGINATED ADA waited a long time for her national anthem. The i Dominion was more than thir- ty years old before Canada Meard the strains of Judge Routhier's #0 Canada, Terre de nos aieux ' which may be sald to mark the be- ginning of our national song. Not that it was the first attempt by any means. There are scores of Can- adian men and women living today who remember the efforts of that cultured scholar the Marquis of Yorne, when Governor-General of the Dominion, to supply what was ac- Xknowledged to be a long felt want with his song beginning - , 'God Bless Our Broad Dominion" " wphig' song had the advantage of having music set to the words by Sir 'Arthur Sullivan, of Gilbert and Sulli- van fame, and, at that time, the only writer of music in Britain who was acknowledged as of the first class. In addition it 'was jssued to the world with all the prestige of the name of the Marquis of Lorne and of a Gov- ernor-General. Nevertheless, the at- tempt failed, Why it did so it is dif- ficult to say.' The words, although simple and unconventional, however, lacked that touch of magic which must be present in such a song. It did not possess the undying fire of genius which alone could keep it alive in the hearts of Canada's men and women, after it had been once kindled by popular sentiment, Moreover, it imposed a somewhat heavy burden on the memory, which no national 'anthem should do, since it had no re- grain or chorus and no unifying phrase. s The effort of the Marquis of Lorne mever took in the schools because it was too difficult, and, without taking 'yoot among the children, it was de- stined to failure. Several brave efforts were made to force it on & people who showed no liking for it, and eventually it fell Into the limbo of forgotten things. Mingled Joy and Envy. Then came the "Maple Leaf." Be- cause of its simplicity of language and the smoothness of its rhythm, this song had a longer and a wider suc- 'cess, The author, Alexander Muir, eaught the real spirit of these songs, {and for a time it seemed destined to \become the national song of the Do- tminion. Yet Time, the great win- nower of the true grain from the {chatf, steadily although gradually 'discovered that somewhere there was a lack of dignity in this song, both as regards words and music. 'The 'Maple Leaf' was sung in the carly eighties because we had nothing else to sing, but as we began to grow old- er, we could not fail to find certain defects of scansion, while as critical faculties developed it was easy to see that the words held no proud survey of the country, that in their senti- ment they looked backward rather than forward,and that the refrain, which is an essential feature of all 'national anthems from 'La Mars selllaise" or "Rule Britannii" to the "Star Spangled Banner" contained a false and meaningless distinction in the words, God Save Our King and Heaven Bless The Maple Leut for Ever. 'While the Engilsh spenking saction of the nation had been singing the Maple Leaf with littla ov no cn- thusiasm, our French spauking fel- low citizens had been. gai'y chanting their chsrming folk and other songs and cne strain, finer in seatimen® than the others, seemed tn gain in popularity--*'O Canada, mon pays, mes amours,'" These words were from the pen of Sir Georges Cartier ond the music v.as compos:l by M, 'f.ohelie, who, at one time, was 'ganist of the yreat Noir: Dame Church in Montrzal, Sir Gorges, it may now be confessed without fear o! contradiction, did not ris: to. ny supreme heights.of imagery or nobili- ty of diction, and it is generally ad- mitted that he boldly borrowed the spirited refrain. In the year 1888, Judge Routhier of the Supreme Court of Qu: »¢ "ame forward with his song *'O Canada, terre ce nos aleux' as we nov know 'it, and in a few weeks every French Canadian in the province was joining 4n this refrain, to the mingled en- 'joyment and envy of 'their English speaking compatriots, Curiously terough, the music which seems to fit .the words so admirably, was written 'some years before the poem, the coms \ poser being Calizta Lavellee, and the {two names of Lavellee and Routhier have for a generation been linked to- gether, The song at once caught on, {both words and music being popular, jmnd was roon accepted as the national {song of French-Canada, being sung at every banquet and gathering. The music had a noble ring and this was not surprising when the critics { pointed out that it had been adapted 'with little variation from one of the ell-known works of the great Moz- The French speaking section of our province had been singing "O Can. ada" for about ten years when it oc- curred to me that here was an oppor- tunity of unifying French and Eng- lish by means of music, the common nguage of civilization. I tried, therefore, to write English words that 'could be sung on occasions when the words were also being heard j the refrain and that give the keynote for the whole ode. #0 Canada, We Stahd On Guard For Thee." My version was in no respect a on of Judge Routhier's song, for I tried to make them less provin- more world-wide in their felt that the ode, if it was anthem in name, national in scope and west as well as the Canada from ocean to 80 pithily summed up and copied a thousand then it has been sanc- POWERS OF FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES HE British North America Act enacts that it shall be lawful for the Sovereign by and with 'the advice of the Senate and House of Commons to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada in all matters not coming within the subjects assigned ve- ly to the provincés under this act. To clarify this statement the Act sets forth that the federal parliament has exclusive legislation in all matters re- ferring to the following cts: 1. The Public Debt and Property. 2. The Regulation of Trade an Commerce. ' J. , The raising of money by any mode or system of Taxation. 4. The Borrowing of money of the public credit. 5. Postal Service, 6. The Census and Statistics. 7. Militia, Military, Naval Services and Defence. + 8. The fixing of and providing of the salaries and allowances of civil and other officers of the government of Canada. # 9. Beacons 'Buoys Lighthouses and Sable Island. 10, Navigation and Shipping. 11, Quarantine and the establish- ment and maintenance of Marine Hos- pitals, 12, eries, 13. Ferries between a Province and any British of Foreign Country or be- tween two provinces. 14, Currency and Coinage. 15. Banking Incorporation of Banks and the issue of paper money, 16. Savings Banks. 17. Weights and Measures. 18. Bills of Exchange and Promis- sory Notes, Interest. Legal Tender. Bankruptcy and Insolvency. Pitents of Invention and Dis- Sea Coast and Inland Fish- 23, Copyrights. 24, Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians. 25. Naturalization and Aliens, i, Marriage and Divorce. 27. The Criminal Law except the constitution of the courts of Criminal Jurisdiction but including the pro- cedure in eriminal matters, 28. The Establishment Mainten- ajice and Management of Penitentia- ries. 29, Such classes of subjects are ex- pressly excepted in the enumeration of classes of subjects by this Act, assign- ed exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces, * * OPPOSITION LEADER | The Hon. Richard B, Bennett, leader of the Opposition, In each province the Legislatures may exclusively make laws on: 1. The amendment from this time of the Construction of the Province except as regards the office of the Lieuteant Governor, 2, Direct taxation within the pro- vince for the raising of revenue for provincial purposes. 3. The borrowing of money on the sole credit of the Province. 4, The establishment and tenure of Provincial offices and the appointment and payment of such officers. 5. The management and: the sale of the Public Lands belonging to the province and the timber and wood thereon, 6, The establishment maintenance and management of public and re- formatory prisons in and for the Pro- vince, ° 7. The establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums, charities and other clcemosynary insti- tutions, in and for the Province other than Marine Hospitals. 8. Municipal Institutions in the Province, ' 9. Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer and other licenses to raise revenue for the Provincial local or municipal pur- poses. 10. Local works undertakings other than a Steamship lines, railways, canals, telegraphs and other works connecting one province with another or extend- ing beyond the limits of the Province. b Steamship lines between any Pro- vince and British or Foreign Country ¢ Such works as although wholly sityated in the Province are declared pefore or after execution to be for the general advantage of Canada or of two or more provinces. 11. The Incorporation of companies with Provincial objects. 12. The solemnization of marriage in the Province. 13. Property and Civil Rights in the Province. 14. 'The administration of Justice in- cluding the maintenance of Civil Courts and the organization of Pro- vincial Courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. 15. The imposition of punishment for enforcing any Provincial law, 16. Generally all matters of a local LORD AND ADY W ILLINGDON -- ----r Canada's Governor-General and his consort, who In less than two years have won the affection and esteem of Canadians from the Atlantic to the Pacific. CANADA'S IMMENSE NATURAL RESOURCES, ANADA'S mere surface area of C land and water amounts to three and threc-quarter million square miles, The Prairie Provinces produce yearly over 0600,- 000,000 bushels of wheat and oats as a contribution to the food supply of the world, and little more than one-fifth of the total 300,000,000 acres believed to be fit for agricultural pur- poses have been placed 'under field crops. The remaining four-fifths are capable of substaining many added mil- lions of population, and they include an immense acreage already ripe for settlement. ' The forest arcas stand sccond only to arable lands among the basic re- sources of the Dominion, and forest industries alone in fostering commer- cial growth, Even the work of ascer- taining the actual extent of her com- mercial forests is still far from com- plete; at a rough estimate approRl- mately one-quarter (600,000,000 | agres) of the total land area in the! Dominion is covered by forest growth, British Columbia contains over two- thirds of the merchantable saw-timber of, Canada; the forests of the Middle West will probably be required to sup- ly the local demand; two-thirds of he newsprint. paper consu...ed in the United States is either of Canadian manufacture or is made from wood or woodpulp imported from Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswiclk, and British Columbia. Extent Unknown The actual extent of Canada's wa- terpowers, like that of iis forests, has béen by no means fully "ascertained, but the available and developed horse- power {water-power) is reckoned to be over thirty milljon, over four 'and a half-million of which are already installed, namely in Ontario and Que- bec--Ontario having the largest hys dro-electric distribution tem known. The figures show that Canada ranks second only to Norway in the per capita utilization of water-power and the average is more than three times that of the United States, There are millions of water horsc-power now under development about Lake St. John and the Gatineau River in Que- bec; while the horse-po®er of such rivers as the Nelson and Churchill, to say nothing of those in northern Sas- katchewan and Alberta, run into more millions, which will, one day, be har- nessed and transmitted far and wide, Few countries possess greater coal resources than Canada, which is esti- mated to possess one-sixth of the total amount of coal in the world. Long before the exceptional = production stimulated by thg War, tie Dominion had become the world's principal source of nickel, asbestos and cobalt, and an important producer of gold, silyer, copper, led, zinc and a number of rarer metals. Five of the nine provinces of the Dominion share sub- stantially in mining activity, although Ontario leads her sisters by a consid- erable margin, Rich Fisheries Not only on 'the Atlantic but also on the Pacific Coast and in her fresh water areas Canada possesses fisher- jes of exceptional value, Two of the four great sea fishing areas of the world border on the Dominion, in addition, her lakes and rivers con- stitute approximately one-half of , the jects a special paragraph in the B.N.A, Act clearly sets for the that "In and for each province the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to education subject to certain specifi- ed provision"' which provisions in ef- fect saf ges con! ed on Upper Canada with or private nature in the Province. In addition to these exclusive sub- regard to minorities at the time of Union. Canada leads the world in the Canada has beneath her the world. CANADA PRODUCES with an export value of over $300,000,000. soil one-sixth of the total coal supply of manufacture of pulp and paper and, |, rd the powers and privile- |' O CANADA! : (Words by R. Stanley Weir) O Canada! Our Home and Native Land] True patriot-love in all their sons command, With glowing hearts we sce thee rise, The True North, strong and free, And stand on guard, O Canada, We stand on guard for thee. O Canada, glorious and free! We stand -on guard, we stand on guard O Canada, we stand on guard for thee! O Canada! Where pines and map Great prairies spread and lordly rivers | How dear to us thy broad domain, From East to Western Sea, Thou land of hope for all who toil, Thou True North, strong and fice! O Canada! Beneath thy shining skies May Stalwart sons and gentle maidens ris To keep thee steadfast through the years From East to Western Sea, Our own beloved native land, Our True North, strong and free! Ruler Supreme, who hearest humble prauer, Hold our Dominion in Thy loving care Help us to find, O God, in Thee,* A lasting, rich reward, As waiting for the Better Day We ever stand on guard, O Canada, glorious and free! We stand on guard, we stand on guard ! O Canada, we stand on guard for thee! far Joi finn? heel fresh water great inland sea of Hudson's Bay, practically untouched, can be reg: as a reserve, of'the globe, while the, Lf still | #= ded | itic coast line | The Atl measures over 5,080 mi shore line, over 7,000 mi ie fre: water lakes of the interior constitute an area of 220,000 square miles, in sources, made through the enforcement of trap- | ping restrictions, the creation of sanc- tuaries, trade and close study of the annual Every province shares substantially | the returns derived from and every fur effort is be re- ing | ca / the supervision of the dre then fur catch, to guard against depletion, ' saw CA Ni ert Brit July 1, 1867, Shortly after | tion public the iE Lv} the American revolu- men in Canada began to leration of all the of Canada. only poss m about Confec ettled pa in it TO CANADA than a century ago ame into being North Ameri- SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD holding the northern half of this con- tinent for Britain. They feared that the revolt of the thirteen colonies | might be repeated along the banks of the St, Lawrence and the Great Lakes as well as in the Maritime settlements, | Confederation did not come about sud- denly as the inspiration of the genius of any one man. It was a slow pro- cess of evolution, Jn 1864 leaders of all parties in Up- per and Lower Canada realized that at | last the time had come for action, John A, Macdonald, later Sir John A. Macdonald, the first premier under Confederation described the condi- tions of that time as "anarchy." The English epeaking population in Upper | Canada was greater at that time than the French speaking population of Lower Canada but equal representa- | tion of minorities had been agreed upon and the English chafed under this rule. There was a population cry | of "'Rep by Pop' lead by Hon, George | Brown, but no government could carry | it because it could not get enough French votes to win the day. In 1864 the first great step forward | to the Union was taken when John A. Macdonald and Hon. George Brown, bitter personal enemies as well as violently antagonistic political oppon- ents healed their breach on the floor | of the House of Commons at a con- ference held in full view of Parlia- | ment, The Liberal Minority of Lower | Canada refused the truce but leaders buried their differences and the bitter | racial animosity showed signs of being healed, The three maritime provinces were in the throes of negotiations looking towards union and the Can- | adas, who were seemingly on the | verge of serious trouble, sought and secured an invitation to the Confer- | ence." This Corference at Charlotte- town was followed by one at Quebec but there still were many stormy days | for Confederation, The Quebec Con- | ference, however, reached an agree- | ment on the '72 resolutions' which were eventually the basis of the B. N. A, Act. Newfoundland sent representatives to Quebec but it never sought ,to enter Confederation ser- fously, A When Confederation actually came into' effect the Dominion became the fourth Country in the world, since Germany and Italy were not then in existence as countries and Canada's merchant marine also took fourth place behind Great Britain, France and the United States, Manitoba came into Confederation on July 15, 1870; British Columbia entered in July 1871, Two years later Prince Edward Island joined, The North West territories was split up into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and came in 1005, The possibility of the British West Indies and Bermuda entering has several times been tentatively discussed but no practical scheme has shown any evi- dence of a successful issue, The Fathers of Confederation who made the dreams of union an actuality were: 1 Sir John A, Macdonald; 1a Hon, George Brown; 2 Sir George E, Car- tier; 3 Sir Hector Langevin; 4 Sir 8, L. Tilly; b Sir E. P, Tache; ba Sir Charles Tupper; 6 Sir A, T. Galt; 7 J. A, Chapais; 8 Hon, A, C, Archi- bald; ® T. d'Arcy Magee; 10 Col. Bernard; 11 W. H. Henry; 12E, Palmer; 13 W. H, Stevens; 14 C. Fisher; 15 B, Phelan; 16 J, R, 17 7, Coles; 18 F. B. Mitchell; Cockburn; 26 Gray; 28 McDougall; . A. McCully; 32 J. M, Johnston, GOVERNORS-GENERAL SINCE CONFEDERATION Sie Confederation thirteen Gov- ernors-G 1 have rep the Crown in Canada, They are: Lord Monck whose tment wes announced on July 1 , He had taken a deep in Confeder- ation movement and was of substantial B.N.A. Act, Lord Lisgar took office on Feb. 2 1869. The main events during his re- gime were the Red River Rebellion (1869-1870), the transference of Rup- ert's Land and the North-West Terri- tories to Canada and the conclusion of the Treaty of Washington. Under Lord Lisgar British Columbia joined Confederation. The Earl of Dufferin succeeded Lord Lisgar in 1872. Prince Edward Island entered Confederation, the Intercolon- ial Railway was opened from Halifax to Quebec, and the Royal Military Col- lege of Canada was established. British Columbia became greatly incensed. Dufferin visited the province in 1876 and by his tact calmed the t d to the framers of the le Sega SW ed Quebec of the sions for which they are A senator is appointed though he may resign. comes :vacant if he is absent consecutive sessions or declaring his allegiance to appoin Speaker of the Senate, but the Speaker of the House of Commons is appointed by the nmiembers of that House. . The House of Commons may sit for five years without appeal to the people but no longer. waters, : The Marquis of Lorne followed the Earl of Dufferin in 1878, Under his rule the National Policy was adopted, the first sod of the Canadian Pacific Railway was turned, the North-West organized into Provisional Districts, and the Royal Society of Canada was founded. In 1883 the Marquis of Lansdowne became Governor-General. While he was in Canada, the second Riel Rebellion took place, the C. P. R. was completed and the Imperial Gov- ernment empowered the Dominion to negotiate its own treaties with foreign countries. Lord Stanley became Governor-Gen- eral in 1888, He witnessed the contro- versy over the Manitoba School ques- tion. During his regime it was decided to submit the Behring. Sea Seal ques- tion to arbitration. The Earl of Aberdeen succeeded Lord Stanley in 1893. The main occur- rences of his term of office were the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, the election of Sir Wilfrid Laurier as Prime Minister of Canada, the meeting of the Behring Sea Seal Commission at Victoria and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, Many important events took place while the Earl of Minto, who became Governor-General in 1808, was in Can- ada. Two Cent Postage came into force, the British Preferential Tariff became law, Canadian contingents served in South Africa, Queen Victoria died and King Edward VII ascended the throne, Earl Grey, who succeeded Minto in 1004, saw the creation of the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Ter- centenary of the founding of Quebec, the creation of the International Joint Commission, and new trade agree- ments with Europeans countries, Most momentous events occurred during the term of H.R.H, the Duke of Connaught, who took office in 1011, Everything else was overshadowed by the World War, The Parliament Build- ing was burned, and the Duke of Con. THE PRIME MINISTER The Rt. Hon, Wm, Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada. naught laid the corner stone of the new parliament building. The Duke of Devonshire arrived in Canada in 1016 when the War was still in' full blast, He was in Canada during the reconstruction period and while the Canadian National Railways were be- ing organized, ' Lord Byng succeeded the Duke of Devonshire in 1921, The most out- standing event during his term of of- fice was the defeat of the Union Gov- ernment which had been born of 'War conditions, Lord Byng was succeeded in 1020 by Viscount Willingdon, who, by his wisdom, tact, and graciousness has al- ready endeared himself to all classes of Canadians. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE BRITISH NORTH 4 AMERICA ACT I brought about the union of the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and. New Brunswick into one Dominion, forming them into four provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It vested in the Queen and her heirs the executive government and author- ity over Canhda, It established the Privy Council of Canada 'to aid and advise in the Government," It. vested in the Queen and her heirs the Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces of and in Canada, It esfablished the seat of the Gov- ernment gt Ottawa, It provided that Parliament must sit at least once every year, It provided that senators must be: ""Thirty years of age; "British subjects by birth or natu- ralization *'Legal owners of lands worth $4,000 above all mortgages and charges in the province for which they are ch J English and French either The ber of the House of Com- mons is determined by the census. Quebec always has 65 members and each of the other provinces has a number of members which bears the same proportion to the number of its population as the number 65 bears to the population of Quebec. Readjuste ments of numbers cannot take place until the expiry of a sitting parlia- ment, The Governor-General has power to assent to all bills passed by both Houses in the name of the Sovereign or he can withhold that assent or re- serve the bill for the signification of the Sovereign's pleasure. ' The Lieutenant-governors of the provinces are appointed by the Gov- ernor-General and hold office during his pleasure. Their salaries are paid by Parliament. E The salary of the Governor-General Is fixed at ten thousand pounds a year (about $50,000) payable out of the Consolidated Revenue of Canada, Special provision is made in the B.N.A. Act for the admission of New= foundland, . Prince Edward Island, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories, Under this Act Canada pledged itself to build the Intercolonial Railway, THE LANGUAGE 3 QUESTION IN CANADA VER since Canada came under British control as a result of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham ther question of language has been an outstanding issue. With it is bound up the question of the presenta- tion of ¥rench nationality on the North American continent and the is- sue has been made bitter and acrimoni- ous by the clash of racial interests and the injection of religious differences, The Quebec Act of 1774 made cences- sions to the French by reviving the . whole body of French civil law, giving tho Roman Catholic Church a legal status. ) ' In the first Assembly of the newly formed province of Lower Carfda in December 1702 Jean Antoine Pa- net was elected speaker on a division on practically racial lines, It became a standing rule that the motions should be read in by the Speaker or hisYeputy but a motion to make English the legal language was defeated although supported on the plea of imperial unity, A compromisé was finally reached by which the As- sembly did not insist on French as the language of enactment and agreed that bills respecting the criminal law of England and the Protestant ' clergy should be introduced in English and those relating to the laws and usuges of the province in French, The British government agreed although insisting that English be the language of law, There was obviously a distinet racial cleavage between the two peoples. In November 1806 the first number of 'Le Canadien' appeared with the significant motto "Notre langue, nos institutions et nos lois."" The control« ling chiefs of the new paper were Speaker Panect and Pierre Bedard, The tone of' 'Le Canadien' was inci- sive and blunt and it drew the racial issue sharply. In June 1822 the Under Secretary for the Colonies introduced a bill into the House of Commons which was a direct attack on the French Canadians and a reversal of policy. It demanded a high property qualification for elects ors which would have disfranchised most of the habitants, and fit provided that after fifteen years the Roman Catholic Church was to be brought under the Act of Supremacy and that French was to disappear as a parliamentary language, The measure was postponed until Canadian opinion had been sounded and Papineau, who led the ope position, to the meagure, had little difs ficulty in convincing the British gov= ernment of the extreme folly of the measure. The bill was withdrawn al- though Papineau continued his at» tacks, Representative government atled and the bitterness between the two races was increased. But after a brief spell the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada were reunited under an act which provided that all 'written and printed documents relating to the Council and Assembly and all proceeds ings of either House were to be in English, Translation of documents into French was allowed. Lord John Rus« sell explained in Britain that this ques tion only dealt with English, as *'the language of original record."" There was nothing fn the Act against French -ak the language of debate and it was used as such from the time of the first united iament, In 1847 Canada was in grave danger RY fort to suppress French would A Owners of real and personal pro- perty worth $4,000 above all debts. Residents of the province for which they are elected, and in the case of was Elgin who declared venture to say that the which waves the British 619,636. LEST, WE FORGET. Enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force for the Great War / Number who went Overseas 424,589. Saw service in France or other war theatres 344,596. Killed in action 39,488. 4 : Died of Wounds 12,260, Died of other causes 7,796, Wounded and Injured 175,841. Prisoners of War 3,870. Enemy prisoners captured 43,436. by the blood of a hundred heroes on the muddy fielgs Flanders and on a hundred otlier Canada's National Anthem will at least last until a better one is pro- : that is mobler in sentiment, re rhythmical or more appealing. Til then I am proud to have played small part in mou' ling the na- 's SODg. Ee 8 R. STANLEY WEIR. 90 per cent of the nickel of the world, 85 per cent of the asbestos of the world. 55 per cent of the cobalt of the world. \ 10 per cent of the gold of the world, 9 per cent of the lead of the world. '8 per cent of the silver of the world, creating Manitoba but was repealed by the provincial legislation in 1890, BN