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{Saving Ontario's Natural Resources G. C. Toner Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (No. 48) HOW ROCKS ARE FORMED In this space I have talked of the plants and animals, told my readers something of the natunpal laws that bind them and of their relations with one another. But there is another factor, the strata on which all creatures live. Gealo- gists tell us that the earth is a ball of rock, which judging from its weight, size, and motion, is molten in the interior at a depth of about 50 miles. Outside this hot and fluid core are the rocks as we know them, in layers much like the skin of an onion. If is believed that the deepest down are the oldest and those at the surface the youngest. Unfortunately this holds true of only an ideal section and else- where twisting and folding have 'displaced the rocks so that the oldest is often on the surface. Earthquakes, volcanic action, lowering of the land surfaces and raising of the sea bottoms have contributed to this displacement. Bo it is often a puzzle to find out the different ages of the rocks at the surface. However, the science of geology has discovered certain features of all rocks and formu- lated them into rules that when followed will identify any forma- tion. Different Types So much for the way we know the rocks. Now let us look at the way they are formed. Some rocks are volcanic, laid down as molten lavas, which were formed by pressure in the interior of the earth. Such rocks are never stratified but are just masses of stone. Other rocks have been de- posited as silt, sand, or clay in water, usually in layers. Still other rocks were formed by corals or othef animals. These are usu- ally in layers, or strata, and both are usually known as sandstones or limestones. Often after they were laid down they were buried deeply and subjected to pressure, twisting the strata and changing their form. These pressure-chang- ed rocks are known as metamor- phic rocks. Marble, slate, and ra Ai example of metamor- = rocks. | FARM FORUM (A Department conducted by Professor Henry G. Bell of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, assisted by various other members of the faculty.) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. I have a field of sand land which I want to build up for potatoes and I have no barnyard manure. I sowed it to rye last fall and intend to let it get around 14 inches high this summer, then plow it down, disk it in, let come up again and plow down, and so on. Then next spring I intend to sow the potatoes. This land is pretty well run out and will you please advise if I am right? Per- haps you can advise me of some- thing better. Some advise plow- ing it down when ripe. "A. S.-- Norfolk Co." A. 1 believe you are proceed- ing along the right line to build- up the organic matter of the soil. This is of preliminary importance. One thing I would advise you against is plowing under of the land so that it lies bare all win- ter. Be sure to seed to rye or wheat so that the field may be well covered and protected from the washing effects of winter rains. ~ Q. I have used several times mushroom compost as a fertilizer for gardens. My ground is very light, and in fact, quite sandy. I am told that this compost has little value as a fertilizer, and am inclined to agree with the state- ment. Would you kindly advise? "H. F. B.--York Co." A. You are correct in your conclusion that the exhausted mushroom compost does not sup- ply much plantfood. This com- post originally, no doubt, con- tained considerable fresh horse manure which carried to the ton about 12 lbs. Nitrogen, 5% lbs. Phosphoric Acid and 15 lbs. Po- tash. With the growth of the mushroom crop and the contin- uous watering of the compost heap, no doubt there was a very large exhaustion of both Nitrogen and Potash. I would say abqut % of the former and at least % of the latter. The heating up of the compost was caused by bac- terial action which liberated much of the - Nitrogen in the form of Ammonia. I cannot see that this mater'al could be of much value Death Stalks the Highway: Nazi Planes Over Russia Nazi-censored, caption on this radiophoto from Berlin says it shows how the Luftwaffe smashes at Russian supply lines. German planes have = released sticks of bombs alapg an unidentified Rus- n #lan road. exploding on the ground. ome of the missiles can be seen mid-air--others are THE WAR. WEE K--Commentary on Current Events FAR OFF" - ' Accepting Canada's golden "Torch of Victory" in a brief ceremony &t his London, England, home last week, Prime Minister Winston Churchill sald of the war now raging on three continents: "The end may be far off. We can- not tell. It depends on the enemy. How long that wicked men will torture and afflict nations, how often or in what direction he will set his murder machine in motion we cannot tell. One thing we are assured. He and his villainous crew will be deliv- ered to the doom and shame which is their due, and we ourselves shall have the honor of having had something to do with it." BOUND UP WITH RUSSIA The British press and public fully appreciated that a British victory was strongly dependent upon the success of the Soviet Union in beating the Nazi blitz- krieg, and conversely that a quick German win against Russia would weigh heavily against Bri- tain. London's immediate policy last week appeared to be three- fold: to assist Russia by maxi- mum day and night air attacks on Western Germany; to make every effort to improve Britain's strategic position abroad while Germany was preoccupied else- where; to Increase the home effort to pile up reserves of armament. LONG-TERM CHANCES GOOD British 'military experts were agreed that Russia's long-term chances for success were good, even though severe defeats were experienced initially. The Ger- man supply problem, they argued, should become progressively more * as a fertilizer. In so far as ma- terial carries organic matter, it may be valuable to a light soil in providing a soil with water- holding capacity. "VICTORY MAY STILL BE CHURCHILL difficult and dangerous over the great distances involved. It was gaid in London last week in auth- oritative circles that Russia would not be in serious danger until and unless Moscow were taken and the German armies reached the Don and the Volga rivers. Even then, guerilla warfare would be & grave menace to the Nazi invaers and actual occupation of the Soviets would exhaust their forces. Upon the fate of the main Rus- glan armies hinged the course the conflict would take within the next few months. Strategic with- drawals, leaving a path of de- struction behind, could assure the safety of great masses of the Red army, which, if retired to strong positions deep in Russia, might organize a large-scale counter-of- fensive and bring Germany's chosen war of movement to an end. WILL SURPRISE WORLD While many people on this con- tinent last week took the gloomy view that a decision had already been reached in the Russo-Ger- man war, pubic men in-the-know spoke the opposite opinion. Major General F. S. Beaumont-Nesbitt, military attache at the British Embassy at Washington, said it was quite possible the Germans would overrun vast sections of Russia in initial penetrations, but that to knock out the Red army "would be one hell of & job." He believed it was quite possible for the Germans to capture large areas of western and southern Russia and still leave the Soviet Union more or less intact as a poli- tical enemy. A great deal might depend upon the unity of the Rus- sian people and their trust their leaders. Joseph BE. Davies, United [States ambassador to Russia from 1936 to 1938, who is now special assis- i is Sa i } . a. tant to the Secretary of State, commented: "It i& my opinion that the world will be surprised at the extent to which Russia will resist." ITALIANS WARNED On the other side of the fence, the Italian people were warned by Mussolini's mouthpiece, Vir glnio Gaydo, that they must not expect a lightning victory over Russia. "It would be a serious mistake to think that all is easy and ought to speed in quick-step to the desired solution," Gayda wrote. "Russia is resisting the offensive not only with a gigantic mass of arms, and the more or less capable arts of her leaders, but also with distance. That was the case in 1812 (when Napoleon falled to conquer Russia). It was the case--if in a less measure--- from 1914 to 1917. It is still, in part, her chance today." In Washington it was admitted the Russians had put up the @ est resistance the Germans had Yet met But the Adminis tration (Was not expected to give the Soviets much substantial ald until it became clear whether or not the Russians were going to survive the blitz. For the time being, technical experts only would be sent to the Soviet Union. "SHOULD STRIKE NOW" The President himself voiced once again a hope that the United States could keep out of the war, while declining to say that he believed that America could re- main at peace. One of Mr. Roose- velt's chiel lieutenants, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, had the previous evening made a flat deec- | Jaration that "The time to use our navy to clear the Atlantic of the | German menace is at hand. Now is the time to strike, while Hitler 8 busy crushing Russia." PROBLEMS FOR CANADA Russian entry into the war against Germany brought fresh problems to Canadian authcrities, especially since the Soviet Union has never been recognized }y the Dominion Government. Tle in- ternment here of many iympa- thizers with the cause of Com- munism creates an embarnssing situation, too, since Russia § now virtually an ally of Great Briain. Last week while making i tour of the West, Prime Minister Mac- kenzie King promised a twoocean navy for Canada, pledged that the condition of the masses woud be improved in the post-war der. « . . But the most important nove made by the Government at Ot- tawa was to call up 378,000 tan- adian youths from 21 to 25 yars of age for military training, thse found medically fit to remain in service for the duration of the wir, VOICE OF THE PRESS THOSE EXPERTS! 'Where are those experts who knew Germany could not finance a real war? --Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph) Wak HESS: NEW VERSION Last words on Hess: "Never was 80 much concealed from so many by so few." --New Statesman and Nation) -- 4 AUTO OWNERS The people of the United States and Canada would own approx- imately eighty per cent of all the automobiles in the world--if they were paid for. --Kingston Whig-Standard. SHORTS FOR MEN Every year, about this time, we suggest reform of men's clothing. We look at the girls and see how cool they are dressed and how cool they look and then find ourselves enveloped in many clothes, all of them stiff and hot. We make our annual suggestion that men go in for shorts for business summer wear--knowing of no one brave snough to follow the suggestion. --Niagara Falls Review. It Requires Water To Produce Milk A cow's production is limited by the water she drinks, and if she must drink from dirty ponds or go asdong distance in Summer or drink ice water in Winter, or gets all she needs for the day at one time, the amount she drinks Mail only two Durham Corn Starch labels for each pic- ture desired--or one Hive Syrup label. first request. Specify your name, address, picture or To start, select from the pictures requested--enclose "Flying Torpedo"--"Sky necessary labels and mail to Rocket' '--*'Lightning"'-- ""Defiant"--*Spitfire"'-- [27 LATEST RAF. PHOTOS FREE! "Hurricane" or "Catalina" « « « the list of 20 other pic- tures will be sent with your the St. Lawrence Starch Co., Limited, Port Credit, Ont. will be inadequate to supply her bodily needs and to run her milk factory at full capacity. She will supply her bodily needs first and use what Is left for milk. Plenty of clean, pure water avail- able at all times is essential to economic milk production. Helpful Hints For Dieters 8erve Meals Minus Rich Gravies; Cut Out One Hour of Sleep So you're dieting? Keep it secret! Give up the temptation to chat about it to your bridge club and-- especially if you wish to keep him --+to your beau. Even your closest friend loses interest after one heart-to-heart talk, writes Alice Wade Robinson, beauty editor. Nobody outside your immediate family really cares. Delightful as it is to exchange recipes on foods you eat, it's a bore to hear you tell of the foods you refuse. If you diet, keep it quiet. But between us two, possibly you may like an arm up on your re- ducing pilgrimage. If so, here are suggestions to make the going pleasanter: A. Serve foods minus their rich gravies or cream sauces. Place lat- ter in special dishes sc that non- dieters may help themselves to as much as they like. B. Cut out one hour of sleep. Put in that time at corrective exercises. C. Chew food to a.creamy pulp before swallowing. That will give you every particle of nourishment. And as a result, less energy will be needed for digestion, less food will be required for nouris¥ment, less food will satisfy the appetite. D. If your diet ontains foods you dsliked 'as. a child and still dis- Mle, tell your doctor about it. He mey omit them from your list. 1 Keep with cheerful friends wha dieting. Go to amusing enter- taiments. That helps you avoid the martyr's role, enables you to see that dieting is a constructive ald o better health and spirits. Two Languages Held Necessary English and French Should Be Taught in All Canadian Schools, Official Says Inability of the French and English populaces of Canada ts speak in each other's language "is a reflection on our inteli- gence," Alderman Estelle B. Cuffe, of St. Catharines, saic at a recent council meeting, adoca- ting that both English and ench be taught in Canadian scheols. Alderman Cuffe repriented St. Catharines at the sessons of the Canadian Public Hetth As- sociation in Quebec City. "IT'S COMMON SENSE" Alderman Cuffe, a former school teacher, said that during the sessions she sat around a table with French-Canadians unable to speak any English and she was unable to speak French. "It is a reflection on our intelligence," she said, "that neighboring Cana- dians would meet and not he able to converse. "It is common sense that our children should be taught two languages." Britain's Crops Hit Forty-year Record Britain has been making hay under war clouds and the 1941 crop may be the largest in 40 years. Besides hay the grain yield is expected to be satisfactory, and fodder crops are described as "extremely good." Greenland's Icy Mountains The ice-coated center of Green- land was supposed to be a lofty plateau, until sounding experi- ments indicated that the loftiness is mainly ice, and the land hel- lows down at center to a bowl no more than 2,000 feet above sea level. LFE'S LIKE THAT LLL a 4 % 7 2 & i "1 wich they'd go . . « Pm tired o' sittin' here grinning at them! ! By Fred Neher _ 7 ~ __ 2 | \ AN DRM \ \ EY i" By GENE BYRNES REG'LAR FELLERS-- Comforts of Home es EEN RAININ' = Fak HREE 7}, ISHT IT NULD | 8$TOP / I aint ae SUN WAS SHINN iN AN T WA h MY BATHIN' SUIT WN AT THE BEACH / WE A MINIT SILL FIX