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By A. Wilson, Contaoller Civil ~At the close of the war foun. ourselves with a new _ what to do: with it. In most countries the main development has been on airways connecting the principal cit- Financial assistance on a great : a has been provided by many gov- "ernments in the survey and rtaiton. The problem =a est "-pidization of air service. In Canada this solution was not possible, The pountry was overburdened with trans- portation systems, the distances sep- arating our cities were great, the population relatively small and our seyere winter climate in the then ex- isting knowledge of aviation a handi- cap to the efficient conduct of air mail, passenger and express services, We had however, an immense. field in oor nothern areas were railways and roads had not yet penetrated and Where the sole means of transport was still the dog team in winter and the canoe in summer. Foresters, sur- yeyers, mining engineers and geolo- giste were all crying out for better means of transport and observation The program of airways development was, therefore, left-for the time being and the whole of the money and equip- ment available were concentrated on the development and conservation of our natural resources. In such work as forest protection, air survey and remote transportation Canada has been a pioneer and leads the world today. In these fields the - adoption of air transportation has not meant additional expense, but often an ectual saving of money and in all cases a greatly increased cfficitney in service. Today it is not to much to say that every activity, sither gov- ernment or private, interested in the development and conservation in' the resources of Canada uses aircraft as a normal part of their organization. The success attending these de- velopments has an increased the pub- lic interest in aviation to a remark- able degree, with the consequence that during the past two years it has been possible to consider a program of airway development, linking our principal cities, with the full support and approval of public opinion. The sliceess of such service in other coun- tries the introduction of modern air- craft and engines developed specially for civil uses, our greater knowledge equip-| "ment of such airways and the pe : "cruising, on tn' estimated withost pwd]. use of aviation 5 spins apne in the Dominion. lL nings in 1924, 8 ot veys has been 'has been already tographed. In} the season of 1928 Tio less than 65,200 square miles were covered by ariel photography, of which 83,800 were by 'oblique photographs and 31,400 by vertical, : re The method of mapping. from oblique photographs is distinctively Canadian. It is only applicable where there is little change in elevation and where exploratory surveyi. covering large areas aro required. It is cheap- er, faster and doos not impose a strain on the pilot and navigator which the vertical methods require. There is available today a library of many" hundred thousand of pho- tographs taken during the course of such surveys, which give a picture of the country far more complete than the field notes of the most conscien- tious surveyor, These can be con- sulted at any time and growing use is made of them, not only by the survey- or, but by the forester, water offi- cer, water power engineer and engin- eers interested in the construction of railways, roads and hydroelectric transmission lines through new terri- tory. In 1928, eight photographic fleets of two machines each were employed on this work and 1929 will see the addi- tion of at least two more flights, The greater portion of this work has been done by the Civil Governmnt -Air Operations branch of the Department of National 'Defence in conjunction with the Topographical Survey Branch of the Department of the nd trior. Some of the photography how- ever, is done by contract and compan- ies ike the Fairchild Aviation Ltd., and the Compagnie Aerienne France- Canadinne and Canadian Airways 'have contributed notably to the suc- cess of air surveys, while the Province and experience of the problem of win- The following statistics show the place during the last few years: 1926 1926 1927 1028 Opecating firms, .u...uiv 14 20 «bd Er Toa 5860 | 12000 43071 Passengers carried ...... 4,807 6,436 18,982 74,669 Passénger miles ...... . 446,608 631, 716 1,424,031 2,883,782 Freight carried (pounds) , 592,220 724,721 1,008,346 2,404,682 Mail (pounds) ......vuie 1,080, 3,960 14,684 361,631 Licensed Airharbors ....: 24 24 25 44 {Licensed Aircraft .,..... 34 44 67 264 Licensed Pilots ,.....,. 20 14 40 260 Licensed Pilots (private) . . Ts 9 9 154 Licensed Air Engineers. , 4 85 11 200 of Ontario through its own flying 5 remarkable g-owth which has taken ter flying, all makes possible today progress in this direction which was undreamed of ten years ago. FOREST SERVICES Today approxima'ely a quarter of a billion acres of Canada's finest forest fands are under protection from the @ir and after ten years use, this ser- ice is on a sound and practical basis, The forest looks in flying not as a panacea for all his ills, but as oue of the many togls developed by modern civlization to increase the efficiency of his work. Aircraft are used only in the remot- er forests, where there is. no popula- +. tion to, fight fires, no roads.or, rail. ways giving ready access to all pa or the 'reserves, In' souc Ls untry protection on the gegund 1s an inefficient. In some areas, like the ky Mopntain forest reserve where service has also done much photo- graphy. TRANSPORTATION After the Armistice, when aircraft were released for civil work, they be- gan to be called on to undertake emer- gency flights, where speed was essen- tial, into the remote parts of the coun- try. Gradually, as more efficient and reliable machines came into use, there has"been built up all through north- ern Canada a wonderful system of air, transport, 'by which today it: is pos- sible to reach any part of the contin- ent in one, or at the most two days' Tighe room civilization, A ning industry in particular ment has made good use of aircraft, not So ies of Pepe eg pore: ies in the field, but as a means of com- munication between the railways and developed by which over| a quarter of a million square miles] landing ground cannot be found, the "mir patrols are used Tor detection pur- Ss only, In northesn Ontario and itoba, where the country is a net work of intricate waterways and lakes and rivers abound, affording good landing for seaplaies everywhere, both detection and suppression are carried out from the air. The detection ~ patrol machine is a light aircraft, in Which the pilot +flies aloft. It is with wireless so that he may outbreaks to his base, hii detection machine capable of Le the fire crew, pumps, hose er $ || as most of it iw done with litle the new mining camps not yet reached | velopment work of-many mining cen- tres such as Rouyn, Red Lake, Wad- hope, Flinflon and Sherritt-Gardon, 'was 'made possible by the use of the flying boat and seaplane. Hundreds of men and hundreds of tons of ma- terial have been carried by air to such camps, pecting on a scale and with an ficiency undreamed, of a few girs through the north. Flying-goes ter and summer and Phat of od adian pilots in this field is one. : romatie | history of aviation, It is hard N water, are being manufactured in Ne response from air enthusiasts. erable quantity of mail matter has been carried to the mining camps by commercial operating companies. This is now formally recognized by the letting of contracts for such services and was extended to include other re- mote communities ot which he pres- ent mail service was inefficient and expensive and, in some cases, where communities were without services Contracts were also let for daily services connecting Montreal with New York and Toronto and a bi- weekly service to hasten the delivery and dispatch of trans-Atlantic mails by carrying them to and from Rimou- ski on the lower St, Lawrence. Experimental services between Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton, andMontreal, Saint John and Halifax, with a view to determining the con- ditions to be met with on such routes were also carried out. During the past 16 months 350, 000 Ibs of mail have been carried by air in Canada, without loss or damage to a single letter. : FLYING CLUBS A year ago to stimulate interest and disseminate a more general know- ledge and use of aviation in the cities of the Dominion, the Department of National Defence was given authority to assist in the formation of light aeroplane clubs, similar to those so successfully operated in Great Britain and Australia. To qualifp for the grant of assistance, a club must pros vide a fully qualified instructor, a suitable aerodrome and adequate pro- vigion for the care and maintenance of aircraft, have a membership of at least 40 persons desirious of flying 10 of whom must be ex-pilots. Sixteen clubs were dully approved during 1928 and during the present year provision has been made for the formation of cight further clubs. This movement has met with a very grati- fying response from the public, The Goverument assistance includes the training of the club instructors, provision of two aircraft as an initial grant, and one further aircraft in each year for five yea aps: A- grant of $100 is paid the club for each pupil who is successful in gaining a pilot's license. In an article such as this, it is im- possible to give full particulars re- garding all Canada's activities. Prob- ably nowhede in the world has there been such a varied development of really economic uses. Financial con- siderations have prevented the pay- of large subsidies and, conse- quently, only those forms of aviation for many months during the winters] which are self-sustaining or serve a 'by toad oF Fallway. The "early de- 5 \ NEW STYLE AMPHIBIAN PLANE LIKE ROADSTER New 3-seater air roadster like this one, which can alight on land or York city and meeting with populaf directly useful purpose have survived with the result 'that really useful phases of aviation have developed, in accordance with "the need ot the country, Canada is also looking further afield. The shortest routes to Europe and Asia lie over her Atlantic oe Pacific coasts. An airsh'p mooring mast and base at St. Hubert, near Montreal, has been completed during 1928, The project had its origin in the Imperial Conference in the fall of 1928, when = the Prime Minister pledged the support of Canada in the endeavor: to establish trans-oceanic services by airship, linking the dif- ferent Dominions of the British Com- monwealth, In 1927 a suitable site was purchased at St. Hubert, seven miles south of Montreal, and in 1928 the tower was actually built and. the machinery installed. The whole struc- ture will be completed and ready for use in the spring of 1929 and it is expected that airship flights to the tower from Cardington, the airship station in Great Britain, will take place during 1920, yilontreal Stand- rd, NOT 'NUFF PEP? He: We get along like two turtle doves, don't we Arline? She: slow. More like turtles, I'd say-- ------ een Thoughts Within every man's thought is & higher thought--within the character he exhibits to-day a higher character, ------ ain Broccoli, a vegetable that is gaining popularity in the United States, is sometimes thought to be a crosc be- tween asparagus and caulifiower, but isa member of the cabbage family , --p. To keep her youth a girl Shouldn't {built of coral limestone, 300 feet in the Chinese carry on strings, © aTeeth as Coinage * 2 Not long ago a well-known travel ler, addressing the members of the Royal Geographical Society, related how, when visiting Renuell Island, he world by awa height. after the manner of prehistoric cave- men. - They had no sense of money value, although, curiously enough, they had adapted themselves to the use of the teeth of animals as a form of coinage. Fu the caves where the people lived, flying foxes, were kept ot dat nature growth was attained, in order that their molars might be extracted, The teeth were considered a most valuable currency by the islanders. In other parts of the Pacific; sharks' teeth and highly-coloured beads were used until a few years ago. Then came the island traders in search of pearls, pearl shell and copra, giving (cheap ornaments and musical inst from German factories in exchange. The old trading vessels have 'been replaced by steamers and large 'trad: ing companies of various nationalities have altered the value of things con: siderably. There are yet, however, ~smailer islands remote from the main steam- ship routes and trading companies' in- fluences; which still trade by barter. Family Government Palmeston Island, a small coral atoll enclosing a lagoon eight miles in diam- eter, is another queer spot in. the ocean where the value of £, 5 da is unknown. William Masters, a British seaman, discovered -the island in 1862, and married ant settled down there. The population to-day numbers over 100, Masters' eldest son, John, is resi- dent-agent under the Government of New Zealand. A Council, d of John and six relatives, is responsible for making the laws of the island. Adventurous British seamen of the last century who were either ship- wrecked, marooned or had deserted from ships, are responsible for the names of half the islands existing In various parts of the world, For almost a century they have lived,and brought up children tn these strange surroundings without the use of money, but since the war the march of civilization has deprived thém, in many cases, of the solitude and control of which for a decade thay had been in undisputed possession. ---- We must never think the door of hope shut against us if we have a purpose to turn to God. x | S---- Hunice-Algle, why does a catcher wear a. mussle? vent him from biting introduce him to tier. friend. A Fine Way to Troat o Ren Dog To batsman, my dear. | 60 cumbersome than the "money" 'which These people lived in caves, | ents | - 0 pre: over. 1 know of 4 Slow Promotion A commander in the Royal Navy was fourth officer pf a steamship line when 'he ' joined the" twelve months RNR. training in January, 1924. He had completed seven months of it when war broke] out. Luck' was with him during the war, and after accepting a permanent com-| mission, he became lleutenant-com- mander in 1918." "I thought twice be- fore becoming a permanent naval man," he said. "I was thinking of a liner command, but, as it turned out, "I should only no: ve Sotand offfcer, This is he atin by a sihart officer who pre stea ip compaiiy 'atthe samo tim as I' That is. 2 or, SE: captain's ce or sixth ale e end ai} years hie becomes second, and fi six, years later a "first" officer, He is usually two years .ifi this grade before he hecomes' "chief" of: ficer, Chief and first ro drg r-| ried in the majority of "the orl vessels, while the senior second of: ficer Helps the senior captain In navi: gation duties, Few men are appointed ' to com mand before a tinge of, grby, shows| (An their hair; some never reach that coveted position, Ten years is now about ithe limit for a liner captain to' rotainy supreme rank before retiring. . A 'daptain, 'who. As (JeEndm pomsible' for the' ae navigation of the ship' and the lives of passengers and grew num- Dering, perhaps, as any a ,000 per- sons | all told, "is undoubtedly under- paid.' s beld entirely responsible it anything goes wrong. An error of Judgment on hil part may spell ruin, tak being rei d once fo. make a mistake, Captains Who: Lost Their Ships J Two acquaintances of mine who had command of stately liners, lost their 'ships. ~ One was suak in collision, and'the cap was blamed -e going dur a fog. © He saved 9 ut all hands, however, Whi and his chief officer werd picked from a bridge-grating to which they clung when the liner sank. This cap- tain afterwards sWdied Taw In America, and to-day holds the unique} position of being atorney-general inj» the U.S. Marine ( r pande to. ir The other mi desires of passengers to. pass. loge to an island, Saddle his ship struck a gu! | merged Taek Affer being {fired," he Jou large fruit company in as master, and to-day "ha. is ET ant in charge of & aa ni RR . Both' these oficers ks ere Jacky. how, how- osing their il as officers' on Ec 'Bervice for] should not be happy in civilized lite. with 'the' rainy season. fra shells." et wap ship. Perfectly happy and contented with "| hig herds of goats, fowls, tamed Bou '| tain pigs, he and his nearly-whi dren knew nothing of the worries and troubles of the outside wor Nature vided thems they needed. + {Turtles 'came' ashore to lay olf. eggs in the warm sand; the lagoon, was alive with fish ready tobe & ed; wild goats could be killed in the rugged hills, while in the undergrowth of the woods there were numerous wild pigs. - In cdrtain months of 'the year seals came ashore to mate; they' provided Ad! feather and ofl, ths fatter being used olin the 'crude lamp of the little house. hold. "One of the crew asked the man it a he Would care to return to civilization. «=» Fi "Why should 1?" he replied. "I - FRA he 8 Sfmk BAER Here I can please myself without hav-- ' to worry shout restrictions, taxes . what not. Besides, my ghildren ould never live fn stratge surround- ings. "I'hav To money have not. see 'money for-years--and I don't. want to, Tt would be no use to me. The peo- ple whom I kpew are' 'no doubt 'dead long azo. § J The Song of the Surf ; "Here the climate is never too hot nor too cold. Bad weather comes We know when it is coming and make provision or the. tow 'weeks it lasts. "When I die I am going to be buried on the sandy "beach down yonder, where I can hear the song of the gurl. it sings day and night through the Cogenrie Spm act ¥ ws 8 4 2 Thus spoke the : logical old cast: away 'of Pamuoto Island, who rules. "his natives more as a father than a mbnarch in this little-known, for Way spot in the Pacific. Others who have gone to settle down in these lonely istands have not always 'found "the happiness: they sought. This proved the case with many who looked for solitude, with their wives and families, after the : weariness of war, La Hither {raders have 'come along and ; put An" énd to their seculsio oy set: ting up plantations, ot Steatighip con® panieg have introduced tourist ser vices. . Every month passenger liners leave if tne quay at Sydney backed with pl kers. t 8 heir cabins-d ok mauie 1 gymnasiums, swimming Datta and EI everything money can provide for com- ~~. a fort, steam away to the once-happy § islands of the Solomons, New He- brides, the Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, Sacer rr se ants | 2 * lngston, Ont According 'to tutor ; mation received here from Ottawa, name © of the new sub-