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ap] ~ BETRAYED BY CZAR 3 By William L. McPherson (In New York Herald-Tribune) "The Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia is the third of the former Allied com- manders in chief to pass from the scene within the last twelve months-- Field Marshal Haig died on January 29, 1928; Field Marshal Cadorna on December 22, 1928, and the Grand Duke on Janvary 6, 1929. Like Cadorna, and unlike Halg, he falled to retain his high command until the end of the war. But he as- sumed it earlier than they did, being named commander-in-chief on August 2, 1914, while Cadorna's service in a similar post did not begin until Italy entered the var on May 23, 1915, and Haig's nomination as head of the British armies in France dated from December 15, 1915. Cadorna was retired in November, 1917, following the tremendous Capor- etto disaster, for which I was held directly responsible. The Grand Duke Nicholas suffered the cr.shing defeat. of Tannenberg in September, 1914. But it was not held up against him personally, . because it happened through blunders on the part of sub- ordinates and 1 scause its effects were quickly neutralized by the series of brilliant Russian victories in southern Poland and rastern Galicia. The Grand Duke conducted the Rus- sian retreat out of the Polish salient In the summer of 1915, but his mili- ta: © reputatica was not materially af- fected thereby. He was displaced on September 6, 1915, through parliamen- tary interference in St, Petersburg. Haig also would have been displaced +> in 1917. hy Premier. hlwyd- Georfe;«ifq the latter had dared to take such a step in defiance of army and civilian opinion. It is a curious anomaly that a feeble and short-iived parliamentary body, With an uncertain status in an autoc- acy lke Russia's, could intervene more effectively in military operations than could its powerful and self-willed chief of the British parliamentary coalition, Popular As Soldier The Grand Duke was Russia's most conspicuous and popular soldier. He was by his force of personality, high professional. capacity and prestige as a member of the imperial family, the most available man to direet Russia's 'military effort. Kuropatkin, compe- tent, but not brilliant, commander, had failed in the Japanese war and had ceased to be available. he fighting on the eastern European front had developed no leader fitted to take Nicholas's place. And the Czar, though yielding to the Liberal politicians in the Dumo, who could not hope to influence the Grand Duke, and to the personal hostility of the Rasputin group, of which tht Czarina was the all-powerful patron- ess, admitted the facts of the situation when he named himself commander-in-chief, He had no military competency and merely covered up a political maneu- ver of undertaking a responsibility, in the midst of the great war, which he had refused to assume under far less arduous and dangerous conditions to- war dthe end of the Japanese war, al- though strongly urgéd to do so by his friend and crony of that period, Kaiser Wilhelm II. Son of Army Commander Nicholas was born and bred a sol- dier. He had pronounced military tastes and inclinations, and the spirit, manners and character of a military chieftain. His father, also a Grand Duke Nicholas, had been commander in chief of the Russ armles in the Balkans during the Russo-Turkish War of 18 78. "The Son had won Qistinction the crossing of Danube in 1 Shipka Pa Russian ca as actual y, while acting 48 in- spector general of cavalry from 1895 the | ,78 and' in the capture of | He had reorganized the | at a fisheries depot in London. comment. ance, did much to improve conditions, yet fell far short of bringing the army up to the condition of equipment, training or munitions, reserves and facilities for manufacturing them ve- quired for conduct of a war against a highly militarized nation like Ger many. Handicap Recalled Nicholas also assumed leddership in 1914 under the additional handicap of no intimate knowledge of the arrange- ments made for co-operation with the French General Staff. He was called upon to execute plans which were not his own. At the beginning of the war Russia stood on a very unequal footing with Germany--so unequal that the German General Staff left East Prussia inade- quately defended, while hurrying the invasion of Belgium and France. But ierman superiority in tactics, morale, and especially in artillery and all the mechanical appliances of war, was quickly demonstrated, even in East Prussia, where Hindenburg and Lud- endorff so easily envelope dand crush- ed a Russian army marching incau- tiously into the trap of Tannenberg. Never after, except in rare instances (and then on the defensive), were the Russian armies able to meet the Ger- mans on nearly equal terms. As Hin- denburg once explained it, it was the case of the morale and equipment of a more advanced military people tri-! umphing over the morale and equip- ment of a less advanced one, Checked Austrian Drive With Austria-Hungary the case was different. The Dual Monarchy had to! depend on armies of uneven quality. | Many racial groups were disaffected | and fought half-heartedly. To the! great astonishment of the Austro-| Hungarian General Staff the Russian forces easily stopped its offensive movement in August, 1915, into! southern Poland and then swept from ! the east and southeast over Eastern Galicia and the Bukovina. Except in East Pru a, the Grand Duke Nicholas had ..ings pretty much his own way for the first nine months | of the war. He had frustrated two German drives from the west toward | Warsaw; overran Middle Galicia and! pushed to within eight miles of Cracow and forced the bulk of the! Austro-Hungarian forces beyond the Carpathian ranges. He successfully | occupied and defended 'the Polish | sallent. Russia had done much better ' than the Western Allies, She had seized a large area of enemy territory, | while Germany had overrun Belgium | and intrenched on the soil of France. | Supplies Ran Low | But Russian supplies were running | low. General Gourko wrote in his | "War and Revolution in Russia" that | "for months in 1915 batteries in action | dally did not receive more than four | shells per day." An army corps would receive 1,000 shells at one delivery and not know when the next installment would arrive. | In the spring of 1915 Falkenhayn | decided to carry the war into Poland | and to liberate the occupied Austrian | TETTItorY. 116 wis at the time ehgaged { in a bitter quarrel with Hindenburg | and Ludendorff and would not listen | to Ludendorff's ggestion of an en-| | velopment oper om out of East Prussia. {1916, TREMENDOUS ROYAL STURGEON WHICH WAS CAPTURED IN THE NORTH SEA A Weighing 259 Ibs, it proved quite a handful for half a dozen men and created guite a sensation when it arrived Sturgeon are caught in fresh and salt water and always cause excitement and some distance behind the -Brest- Litovsk line, on which they had originally mobilized. Heavy Losses in Campaign Russia lost 350,000 killed and. 1,250, 000 prisomers-in this campaign. Munitions were coming in from west- ern Ewrope and the Russian armies were to show themselves capable of another powerful offensive in 1916. Nicholas was not responsible for the tragic military breakdown of 1915, whose consequences were not as seri- ous as they might have been. But the Czar displaced im on September 6, partly because of the activities of the Duma politicians and partly, no doubt, because of the Grand Duke's fend with Rasputin. The sinister adventurer who won the Czarina's confidence had asked permission to go to the front and "bless the armies." Nicholas had sent him the contemptuous answer: "Come and I will hang you." Ras- putin's power at court was farreach- ing. He used it skilfully to accelerate the-Grand Dukes=downtall = Organized 1916 Offensive Transferred to the Caucasus, Nicho- las put fresh life into the Asiatic cam- paign. He organized and directed the dashing winter and spring offensive of which captured Erzerum on February 16, Trebizond on April 18 and cleared Armenia of the Turks from the Black Sea south to Lake Van. In July the Russian front was pushed west from Erzerum 100 miles farther to Erzingan. From that time on there was little activity in either Armenia or Kurdistan, all.Russian efforts béing centred in the Russian efforts being centred in the Brusiloff drives in the Carpathian sector. The Grand Duke was ordered home from fhe Caucasus in March, 1917. The Czar, then about to be dethroned, wanted to rename his commander-in- chief. Such an order was issued, but the Duma, seizing the control of the government, rescinded it. No revolu- The man-power losses could be made up. S the Crimea and remained. there until the end of the war. Reaching Con- stantineple early in 1919 he was trans. ported to Italy, with several other members of the imperial family, on a British. warship. > Gansiderate of Soldiers Nicholas was a striking picture of a soldier. More than six feet three inches in height, with a handsome, apistocratic face and an erect military figure, he looked the guardsman of tradtion. His tastes were simple, al- most. ascetic. He was absorbed in his profession and avoided social dissipa- THe-ahiont ort protice bears this: "But they" ldok foward, ass philo- sophic studies' must, and their: prop- hecy has beennsubstantially fulfifiéd. (Lord Haldane has, ho 7 1ét his words stand as they were wriften and has resisted any temptation: to add footnotes, and; indeed; they are: not called for. A' philosophy which makes any pretence to be both" pro- found and comprehensive cammot: be destroyed by a war." "London - Times Literary Suppie- ment," in its review of Seiected Ad-' dresses and HKssays, by Viscount Haldane. { ox ho» | "It i8 not brute force;-but' mesal power, that commands predominance tion and polities. . Though a grand seigneur, he was ex- In his Rectorial address at Edinburgh, ' tor he has become familiar with the tremely simple and democratic in! manner, always at ease with .the sol- | diers under him and considerate of their welfare. He became the choice | of one branch of the exiled Russians fo rthe Czarship in case of restoration. | But he did mot take that candidacy over seriously. His wife, the Grand Duchess Anas- tasia, was a Montenegrin princess, whose figst husband. was Prince George Romanowski, the Duke of | Leuchtenberg. She and her sister; ! also a grand duchess, were highly od fluential figures in St. Petersburg, and | was their hostility to RaSputin which, in part, occasioned Nicholas's removal as Russian commander-in-chief in' September, 1915, There was a touch of Mark Twain's story of the Stolen White Elephant in he escapade of some Paisley youths who stole a motor bus--scarcely a case of petty larceny, Such a theft is not easy to hide--one cannot conceal a motor bus about one's person--and disposal would be difficult, unless among the strange traders of the world there exists a receiver of stolen buses. The Paisley bus, in a par- oxysm of outraged honesty, resented its appropriation by knocking down a lamp standard, disorganizing the local tram service, and bursting into flames. --Evening Standard. tionary faetion wanted to have a mem- ber of the imperial family at the head of the armies. Nicholas retfirned to, - -- tm > _-- Flirting With Jungle enn You can't travel far on a'lame ex- cuse. 3 ee King enema 4 itself out in the world, and the results {is that it Is already there in its per- in the world," said Viscount Haldane, ! which opens the volume he prepared for press shortly before his death. He goes on to say:--- "The only life that for us human beings can be perfect is the life that is dedicated. I mean by the expres- sion a 'dedicated life' one that Isgith all its strength concentrated on a gh | purpose. Such: a' life may not: seem to him who looks on only from out- side to comprise every good: The: purpose; though ~ High, may be. re-. stricted. The end may never be at: tained. Yet the man is great, fowr the quality of: lis striving: is great: 'Lofty designs must close in like ef- fects. "The first duty of'life is to seek to. comprehend clearty what: our strengtis: (WII Jet uss accomplish; and! then: to Jdo it witli: all! our might: This may not, regarded' from outside, appear to, (the speetaton to: be tie. greatest of p possible. careers, but the ideal career' tajnment of some external goal--itself® is the one in. which) we. can: be. great-! est according to the limits G&~ ony capacity. 1 Such a Life ls Dedicated "A. life into which our whole strength, is: thrown, in which we look neither to the right ner to the left, if" to. do. so is to lose sight of duty-- such a Tife is a dedicated life. The forms may be manifold. The lives of all great men have been dedicated; singleness of purpese has dominated them throughout. "Thus # was with the life of a Socrates, a Spineza, or a Newton; thus with the lives of men of action,! such as Caesar and Cromwell andi Napoleon. . We may well see their limits; theirs was tue sphere of what is human, the finite. But they con- centrated on the accomplishment of | a clearly , conceived purpose, and worked with their whole strength, and the greatest of them tlirew that strength into the striving after what was noblest. ¢They hay have perish- ed before their end appeared accom- plished in time, and yet they have succeeded. The quality of their work lay in the very striving itself. "The end, a profound modern think- er tells us {n a great passage, does not wait to be accomplished; it is always accomplishing itself. 'In our finite human life we never realize or see .that the end has in truth been finite purpose is thus only the pro- cess of>removing the illustion that it is not accomplished." The good, the | absolutely good, is eternally working fection, and does not need to wait for us. § | { "No Career More Noble" "The noblest of souls can find full that for which: we are not fit, and the | the deeper: sympathy, the | I "become : of man, the dedicat- {ed lite. W: 80 to avoid the 'un- conscious- devotion of our energies to peril of. falling unconsciously into in- sincerity and unveality of purpose, "We learn: so to choose the work that is most congenial to us, because we: find in it what makes us most keenly conscious: that we are bringing into actual existence the best that lies latemti in/ us. The wider outlook, eener in- sight; which: this kind of culture gives, do) not paralyse. They save him who» has: wom them from num- berless pitfalls. They may teach him his own limits, and the more he has learned Mis: lesson the more he will realize tliese limits. " "But: they db mot dishearten him, truth that the very essence of con- sciousness andi of life is to be aware of limits and to strive to overcome them. He: knows that without limits tirere can: be: no life, and that to have comprehended. these limits is to have transcended tiem. As for what lies beyond! him: hie: has realized that it is but, as the height in front, which is gained only to disclose another height DOYORAL.., wi lrarianis i a snow msi "I know: nw eareer more noble than that: of a life so consecrated. We Power in Bolivia. id "the title from the reall subject his aim being te amuse Eh f via, he- iu 1d Peru, ho. Sxplatut, Incas the city -of Cusco being geo- | graphically if Bolivia, sithoughe gor litically in Porm. e c pub) "of Bolivia was formed in 1825, after many years of struggling against Spanish ruld; amd since that time, guerilla warfidre, as carried out by the Indians against Cortez and his fol lowers, has continued in much the same manner: The Indians are arm- ed as were their forefathers when Cor." that their weapoms are now made steel instead of hardened copper. HISTORY OF COUNTRY. Outlining briefly the history of the country, Major Mbnroe said that it appeared that the Indians were mora | or less supine: amd easily dominated, in view of the way in which they al- lowed Cortez with two or three hun- dred men: t@ overcome them. This was accomplished not because the In. dians were not well organized, or ac- complished in tie matter of arms, but because. they' were not as quick think. ing as the little band of Europeans. They carried! em war with the Span- fards until they gained thgir inde- pendence, and' did not stop then. : The whind: trouble he 'sald lies in , have each of us to ask ourselves at, the ontset a great question. We have to, ascertain of what we are really capable. For if we essay what it is not: given to ws to excel in, the quality oft aur striving will be deficient. | "But, given the capacity 'to re-, cognize and seek after what is really' the highest in a particular depart- ment of life, then it is not the at. of limited and transcient impor: tance--hut .in earnestness and comn- centration of effort to accomplish, | what all recognize to be a noble pure pese, that the measure of success, lies. i "Se it was with Browning's Gram, marian. Men laughed at him while: he lived. That did not matten---In the end \they bowed their heads. be- fore him, and when his life. was boundary: questions, caused by illde- fined boumsihmy lines. [The present : boundaries are ix fact the old Span-:.» ish bishopric: boundaries, and the ons between: Pherzgmay and the Bolivian republi¢e ih particular is always inn disputes "As a mutter of fact, the presenp: puff aboutt war between the two eouns- trids:is nothing more than what usual'. lyvoecars. It had been going ongpfors abput, 18 months when some news: paper: aorrespondent discovered | that: there: wa a war on and wrote homes abenf: it. The trouble will prebuliy: be» adjvsted once and for all nowy that: a aonfierence has been called teosedties | iB" he said. x ' PECULIAR ASPECTS: : The peculiar geographical; afd ¥ pluwsical aspects of the country; and! their many causes were explained by tez first entered the counry, except reached. The completion of the in|" finished laid him to rest in the. highest the lecturer, who, by meang off lanberns place they knew. For they saw the slides gave a description, of' the trip greatness of spirit of the mam who from the sea coast to the. hinterland, chose what he could best aacomplish,' to La Paz, the capital] off Bolivia, limited himself to that, and: strove to, which 12,700 feet above. sea level, and perfect his work with all his might." | where the power plamt: of the Inter There must be, many who will, national Power Company; of which he want this book, by a mam who, in was engineer last yean, is situated. A spite of misrepresentation and abuse feature of the city is: its position on during his life, stands out as one of the Bolivian plateau, where it is the great thinkers of his time. hidden at the foot of one of the high- " est ranges in a vent 1,000 feet deep, 10" miles long, and three miles wide. Close by the city is Lake Titicaca, which holds the island where the first Inca descended with his sister, who' was also his wife, founding the great. race whieh they ruled. } "The intense eold of the upper levels prohibits the growth of vegetation and fuel is very scarce, coal being sold at $80 per ton to a few priviliged per- sons. Another curious feature of the city is that on the shady side of any street, in the summer, it is freezing, while in the sun it is tropically het, Bolivia being very near the equator. American Comment on British Debt Burdens Commenting upon the fact that Great Britain has completed the sixth year of her payments on her can war debts, and has fifty-six years in which still te pay, the New WIN THE GREAT WAR? YOU'RE ~Joe. PasovERL ri | Will SA | to 1905 Ha was made president in! THat was a piecd of luck for Nich | 1805 of the Counell of National De- | las® With overwhelming superiorify | fense, created to strengthen and mod- | in artillery and machine guns, Falken- eruize dhe Russian military establish- |hayn elected to make a frontal attack, ment. irresistible under the circumstances In 1903, however, this body was dis-| and sure to clear Poland and the solved, for political reasons, and its |Galiclag, but also allowing as compe: work was confided to the War Minis- | tent a tacticlan as the Grand Duke to try, which, with Kuropatkin's assist- withdraw the masses of his armies A---------- - - . -.\ SMATTER POP-- TOGARE, THE LION TAMER, WEARING LIVING FUR Wonderful power over the king of beasts is possessed by Togare, who is paying his first visit to England, thrilling all heholders at the Olympic circus in London," satisfaction for his best aspirations in the sustained effort to do his duty in the work that lies at hdnd to the utmost that is in him. . . . x i "The wider our outlook, the more 'we have assimilated the spirit of the teachers of other nations .and other ages than our own, the more will the Have you ever noticed that Mr. Busy Business Man is never too rush- ed to watch the electric tram wind its tortuous way around the toy shop windows? : ad Ean : There has been a notable quicken- ing of the public consciences to. | possibilities of action open to us, and o nounce war as a rime. --Sectetaty Kellogg. York World points out thaf Great 'Britain has already paid the United States Treasury the colossal sum of $964,000,000. It adds:-- "As a hundred million dollars had been paid in cash before the signature of 'the agreement, the grand total of her payments exceeds the billion dol- "Only about 15 per cent. uf these payments, however, have heen applied. » the principal of the debt, the rest representing intefest, In conscquence the lars, roughly one-fourth of the origival debt. oh v