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RAILWAY RA ARE NL od HOLIDAYS, 1018-1914, Special rates will. be iu. effect as o Ll IL CHRISTMAS FARE for round (rip. Good Dec. 24th and 25th, ood to until Dec. 2uth, round trip. Good going : nd. 23rd, 24th, and 25th. #9 return until Dec. 27th. 3 2 NEW YEAR GLE FARE for round trip. Good ng pec. 31st, and Jan. 1st. Good n until Jan. 2nd. LE FARE AND ONE THIRD round trip. Good going Dec. th, 30th, 31st and Jan. 1st. Good return until Jan. 3rd. & Tickets to intermediate points be- Good 0 Toronto and Montreal will not Sood on trains Nos. 1 and 4. & ®or Tull particulars apply to i J. P, HANLEY, ks Railroad and Steamship Agent Cor. Johnson and Ontario Sts, Ste. Marie, Detroit, Mick, and Niagara Falls, N.Y. FARE AND ONE-THIRD presse ee 1 e Return lana iM Jan. 3, 1914. Putts atm Fare 3 : rliculars from ¥. © As City Titket Office, « and Wellington Sts. OUEAN STEAMSHIP AGENCY C. 8. KIRKPATRICK 42 Clarence St, Phone 56% CANADIAN SERVICE. im Southampton ¥From Portland, Me.' ge, 18 ......ASOCAN Jan. 3 23 ......ASCANIA ..,... Feb. 7 Feb. 13 ..... (AUSONIA ...... Feb, 28 "Steamers will cell Plymouth east- ind. Rates--Cabin (11) $46.25 up. lass. Bhan eastbound, $30.25 up. J $30 up. BERT REFORD CO, Limited. il Agent, 50 King St. E., Toronto. CTORIA LUISE" NEW _- ebruary 7 cu $145 $175 wie "Emu plain £ HOW SCOTSHEN MARRY CURIOUS LAWS AND CUSTOMS IN THE LAND OF CAKES, The Old Gretna Green Weddings, + Which Consisted of a Mere De- claration Before the Village Blacksmith, Have Passed nad an Scottish Laws Governing mony Are Highly Intricate. If you ask anyone, layman or law- yer, outside of Scotland to give you a correct definition of the marriage laws of Scotland, there is the ten-to- one chance that he will be unable to do so. People have been heard to gravely declare that if a person, even '| in jest, introduced a lady as his wife to somebody else in Scotland, they were thereby tied together im matri- monial bonds. Others who do not "joke with difficulty" have been heard to state their belief that many Scots do not know whether they are married or single! Such matrimon travesties may have had some seni- blance of reality in the romantic day of Gretna Green, when runaway cou- ples were united in wedlock by the village blacksmith, but in these days a higher standard is placed upon the ceremony of marriage, both by the civil law and the law of the church. Only the other day an important point arising out of evidence given by a Scottish minister at a bigamy trial in London was settled by the Regis- trar-General for Scotland, who has laid it down that 'witnesses aro es- sential" to the due observance of a Scottish marrisge. The essence of the Scots' law is that marriage is essen- tially a civil contract. Thus, if two parties in the présence of witness's solemnly and deliberately say to each other, "You are my wife," "You are my husband," they are as indissolu- bly married as if the whole ceremony of banns, clergyman, and marriage lines had been gone through. No need, therefore, for anxiety om the marriage day about mistakes in these formalities; the want of any or all of them does not in the least impair the validity of the marriage. Or again, if 2 man and woman write, say, on the fly-leaf of a Bible the words, "I take you, A, for my wife," ~ru "I .{ take you, B, for my husband," re- sp.ctively, and add their signatures, both intending to marry, they are as firmly knit as if they had been wed- ded by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Such are the unromantic facts of a Scottish marriage. The propriety .of allowing mar- riages to be effected in this simple way without the safeguard of any re- ligious ceremony has often been ques- tioned, but the fact remains that the Legislature allows it and that "it is suited," as ohe authority has said "to the Scottish national character and circumstances." It cannot be said, however, that such ntarriages are re- garded with favor either by the law or by public opinion. Another interesting point cropped fip the other day when a minister re- fused to. marry any couple whose names had been published on the re- gistrar's board instead of having been proclaimed in the parish church. He did not object to the registrar's certi- ficate. the ground that proclama- tion in the church was a guarantee of greater publicity, but simply that it was a prerogative of the minister that he was not obliged (0 marry par- ties 'unless after proclamation of banns. In olden days the fees charg- ed by church officials or kirk session for proclamations of banns were very heavy. An ordinary charge was 35 to $7.50, But sometimes it rose as high as $10. After the Marriage Notice Act of 1878 came into operation (for the express purpose of encouraging regular marriages), the church had to set its house in order, and in 1880 an act was passed by the General Assembly, in which it was decreed that the fee for proclamation of banns and certificates should in no case ex- ceed 60 cents. When originally in- stituted, proclamation of banns was made on three successive Sundays preceding the marriage, but it is now sufeient if proclamation is made on one Sunday 'for the first, second, and third times." Dissenters of sirong opinions like to show their independence by patro- nizing the registrar rather than the Clerk of the Kirk-Session, but the women still have the preference to be "cried in the kirk." The marriage "lines" are issued by the session clerk or the registrar, as the case may be, and the minister of any church can carry through all the formalities of the marriage at the bride's home or in an hotel. A small party of rela- tives, or a large assembly, is gather- ed, according to the accommodation of the house and the means at dis- posal. The more {fashionable have their weddings about noon or twe o'clock." But a great number of mar- riages take place in the evenings about seven or eight o'clock. Among the working classes Friday evening is the popular time; 2nd in Glasgow and the ofher great towns the last Friday of the year sees as many wed- dings as any ordinary month. In re- cent years in Scotland marriages in church have become quite common among the "better class" people, but it is not often that a couple belong- ing to the artisan population are wedded in church. As is the case in England, clvil marriages are greatly on the increase in Scotland. They provide a luerative business for a certain class of solici- tors in large towns. Two Points of View. ; Cook (aghast)--Och, mum, I've sphilt a taycup o' milk over the front of me ht dress, an' I'm thinkin' I'm afther spilin' it intoirely. Mistress--Oh, Mary, how could you! Was it all we had? " Moral. Every day a new cure for some- thing is announced, but also one or more ney diseases are found. The moral is /to stay in the fresh air, eat and quit worrying, x ; 3% The liberal spénder may, sooner or later, develop the anxious borrgw- aku ail t er. : wpagions to do PISA'S LEANING TOWER. Built Ot of Plumb. Sruat remarkable piece of archi. "tecture, the leaning tower of Pisa, has alwiys been a subject for discus- sion and conjecture. Many archi= tects have closely inspected Its foundations, measured » its columns and theorized as to its strange de- parture from the perpendicular. lo 1773 Goethe explained it as inten- tionally so built for the purpose of if attracting the spectator's attention from the ordinary straight shafts of which Pisa in the twelfth century Is said to have had 10,000. The baptistry of the cathedral fn Pisa, built also in the thirteent) cen- tury, leans seventeen inches out of the perpendicular, and the plinth blocks of its foundations tilt down gradually and evenly for nine inches in the direction of this inclination. The Campanile of San Niccolo leans forward in the same way, as like- wise do "the facades the Cathe- dral of Pisa. It is worthy of note, too, that they curve back toward the perpendicular. In the leaning tower there is a de- liberate effort above the third floor to return to the perpendicular. This is made by a delicate series of changes in the pitch of the columns on the lower side, evidence taken by some investigators as indication of an attempt tp remedy an error made by the architects, the foundation according to one theory having sub- sided as the result of their inexperi- ence with the peculiar soil of Pisa. Careful measurements below the third -floor show that the arches of the staircase were deliberately in- creased in height and that the down- ward dip was so arranged that the weight of the tower was thrown off the overhanging side, writes Mr. Isaac Bickerstaffe in The London Field. This would have been quite unnecessary if the architect had meant the tower to rise straight up from its foundations The Mysterious Gegenschein, There is visible in the night sky, under favorable - circumstances, a faint light, rounded in outline and situated always exactly opposite to the place of the sun. It is called the "gegenschein" and is one of the most inexplicable objects known to astronomers. According to a scien- tist, it may be a sort of cometary or meteoric satellite the attepding earth. He supposes it gfo be com- posed of a cloud of rs, situated about 1,000,000 miles*from the earth and revolving around it in a period of just one year, so that the sum and the meteors are always on op- posite sides of the earth. He esti- : mates that the size of this ghostly satellite may be nearly the same as that of the planet Jupiter--rvis, about 86,000 miles in diameter. Professiongi Forging. Forging is generally quite an ama- teur affair in England, but in India "where the. professional forger flour- ishes, it is the business of a lifetime. A father, for instance, who thinks he detects in his son an aptitude for the occupation, apprentices him to one of its masters. . He learns among other things, engravings, photo- graphy, paper-making, chemistry, so as to deal with colored inks, and, above all, fine penmanship and deli- cate Miniaturelike painting. 'After several years hard work is pronounc- ed proficient and sets up in business for himself, generally commencing by counterfeiting government stamps. A Plague of Cats. The Australians, besides the plague of rabbits with which they have been afflicted for any Years, are now obliged, it appears, to fight a 'plague of cats. The cats were introduced originally in the hope that they might take to killing off the rabbits, and now. some planters are. putting in dogs to kill off the cats. The canines having misbehaved in some instances, the victims are looking about for dog- killers, and apparently there is to be no end to this endless-chain game of The House that Jack Built. Functional Disease. Organic disease is so called in cases where the structure of the organ bas become so affected as to alter its char- acter. If the liver hardens or the kid- neys decay this is organic trouble. The doctors call 'it a functional dis- ease when the functions of any organ are deranged---that is, do not work normally, when, for instance, the lv- er pours its secretions into the sys- tem too freely or the kidneys, through a cold, do not remove the im- purities from the system. The First Monotheists. . So far as we are able to discover, the Egyptian priests were the first monotheists. There existed in Egypt two kinds of religious teaching, the "exoteric" and the "esoteric," that for the masses of the people and that for the select few, the little company _of the "wise." The masses were poly- theists, believing in the multitude of gods, while the fe believed only in one god, of whom Osiris, head of the popular deities, was but a weak re- flection, . Spoiled Children. The child that is constantly in- duiged, who has every wish gratified #8 soon as expressed, is sure to be a very miserable child and man. It thinks that the world revolves about it, and when at school or in the world it finds that it must both give and take it is made utterly wretched. The spoiled child is not only a terror to all others, but most painful to itself, 2 St. Peter's, Rome. St. Peter's, Romie, was three and a half centuries in construction, and during this time forty-three popes reigned. Huge Coral Reef. The largest coral reef in tha world «is the Australian Barrier Reef, which is eleven hundred miles long. X 4 | We ought to say "Merry Christe mas," even to the most undeserving. enough to do something for the poor. * You are never really out of debt when you get something for nothing. It Seems to Have Been Intentionally | ol ac 5 STARTLING POLITENESS. | Sri In Sicily a Friendly Salutation May Beare 8 . In Sicily you t not believe everything you you hear, and above all you m Jot acl rashly upon first im 0 a" a Sicilian is feeling ° "his 'Good morning, sir!" sounds like *"Spar- tacus to the gladiators." When any one add you as if. murder contemplated, "with ' yourself as the be easy. He is probably ex- pressing a polite wish for a pleasant Jouriey, In Vian In i Mr. rthur Stanley Riggs gives own experience of this * characteristic Latin fervor, and inflection: On our first in Taormina a wild looking pe ty, bear- ing upon her s a huge axippint amphora; si . Xh uncou gestures and a laugh so eldritch that' tae Jerking her finger at la signers. she poured forth a torrent of impassioned Sicilian. dialect that we could not understand, although 1 suspected she was Paying that we were unfit to be in Taormina and had better leave immediately. Unpleasant thoughts of the Maf- flusl, the Black Hand we loosely call them, swept through me. utterance was so flerce, her expres- sion so menacing, I wondered whether she might not be really an agent of the dreaded band. But be- fore my combined annoyance and alarm led me into difficulties, two Taorminians came up and explained in Italian, 'The signorina is afraid your signora will lose her handker- chief. It is falling out of her belt." I was glad I had not shouted for the police! . When I asked the girl, who could understand Italian perfectly, al- though she spoke none herself, if I might photograph her, she consent- ed and refused any grafuity. Then she wished us a torrential good day and vanished up the black and smoky stairs of a stone hut on one side of the side streets. 'When Hanging Pictures. An annoyance to all good house- keepers is the line of dirt on the wall that forms at the backs of all pictures at their lower edges and requires fre- quent dustings to prevent the paper or paint from being permanently mar- red by an ugly discoloration. To ob- viate this, take small nails, called brads, that are about the thickness of an ordinary pin and about half an inch long, and drive one in each lower corner of the frame where it touches the wall, leaving out perhaps a quar- ter of an inch. This will prevent the picture from resting against the wall; no dust can possibly settle there; it permits of a free circulation of air, and the tiny heads of the nails will Bot mar the most richly-decorated wall. Between the Lines. To get the good of the library in the school of life you must bring into it something bei a mere book- ish taste. You Wi the power to read between the lines, behind the words, beypnd the horizon of the printed page. Philip's question to chamberlain of Ethiopia was trugis?, "Understandeth thon what thou read- eit?" I want books mot to pass the time, but to fill it with beautiful thoughts 'and images, to enlarge my world, to give me néw friends in the spirit, to purify my ideals and make them clear, to show me the local color of unknown regions and the bright | stars of universal truth/--Henry van Dyke. 3 Dew Point of Air. To determine the air's dew point, Heygendorff, a German meterologist, fills with water a ¢up of silver or oth- er good heat conducting metal and introduces sal ammeniac, hyposul- phite of soda or other salt that low- ers the temperature in dissolving. As the salt is slowly added the mixture is gently stirred with a thermometer bulb. At the instant when the cool- ing causes a deposit of moisture to begin on the outside of the cup, the indication of the thermometer 'is taken and gives the desired dew point or tempera'ure at which the moisture present in the air would become complete saturation or 100 per cent. of humidity. Mexico's Oldest Theatre. The oldest theatre in Mexico, and indeed the oldest on this continent, is the Teatro Principal of the City ct Mexico. There is nothing particular- ly distinctive about its architecture to testify as to its antiquity, however, for its two stories of repaired facade covered over with lurid posters cor- responds in general style to the other ayhouses of the'ecjty. Then, too, theres a certain animation about the crowds that pass in and out the en- trance that is somewhat misleading to those on the outlook for the relics of the past. » Getting Back. "Why do you insist on trying to sell me beefsteak and bean: and buckwheat cakes?" demanded the barber. *I told you all I wanted was too fried eggs." * "Well, I was in your shop yester- day," retorted the restaurant man. "All I wanted was a shave, but you bulldozed me into a shampoo, a foam fizz and a tonic rub." . Broke It Gently. A railway man who was instructed to inform a lady tbat her husband had been killed by a railway accident and was cautioned to break the news gently is credited with writing the following letter: Madam---I write to say that your husband is unavoidably detain- to-morrow with full particulars. Reason For Athletics? The increase in the practice of ath- Jetic sports is said to account for the are nearly two inches tiller than their ancestors, g ETE The dead beat feinting honest "A lot of people of which ¥ FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1014. . The girl"s| ai The PRIDE of the Pantry PERFECTION, COCOA MAPLE LEAF LABEL Not an article on your.pantry shelves" combines so many of the real elements of a complete food as COWAN'S Perfection COCOA. A It tempts 'the appetite--satisfies hunger-- 'digests easily. Paseireshing and nourish. ing. Prepared ding to directions on the label it is a perfectly balanced food. x 106 TINS-- LB. LB.--AND I 18. TINS, AT ABEL GROC a LIMITED, TORONTO, CANADA. * ed. 'An undertaker will call on you fact that men and women of to-day} ress --------" CoN w bas A= a ee Sig Sleepy After Meals?- Unnecessary! * . Hastens Digestion Keeps You Lively 5 Don't waste the precious hours of the evening. Get your sleep from weariness --not from-slow digestion. This refreshing mint leaf juice hastens digestion -- keeps you alert, besides cooling your mouth and throat and brightening your teeth .. splendidly. * Is clean pure healthful if it's Wrigley"s Made In Canada Wm. Wrigley Jr.-Co., Lid. "7 Scott St., Toronto, Oat.