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23 CONTRIBUTION OF THE KNOWLEDGE Aristocracy, superiority of the spirit organized by the will of com- mand, constitutes the first and last form of empire in all the soeiehies.W1 tha past epochs aristo- cracy was warrior and religious to guarantee to the feeble a certain oeace"ot soul and a help in the struggle tor life. Religiously, it had all the grandeur of religion, war- rior all the poetry and the power of faith; the dislike of life was its major strength. But the new aristocracy which shall dominate a new society, shall be constituted by captains of industry, and by the strength of qualified laborers, tied by an enduring entente. delli, lut rather that he may ha- ve to live miserably." One may or may not in these unaristooratic day find a favor- able reaction to another expressed idea. "Aristoeraey," states the au- thor, "superiority of the mind or- ganised by the will of command, constitutes the last form of empire in any sphere." Signor Lieeiarde1li writes much of what he is pleased to call the "new" aristocracy. He proposes to form an elite of cap- tains of industry and workers fostering more cordial and more equitable relations in every sphere between the two., According to the conception of Carlyle-the problem of .rrganiza- tion of work, and above all of the government of the working clas- ses, must be solved by those closest to realities. All the human interest, all the collective enterprises, all the sin- gle forms of society of this world at a certain state of their develop- ment need to be organized, and work, the principal human interest, ought to be organized in a way that man must receive all that is due to him, all that he has ade- quately earned. According to the conception ot' Carlyle, the problem of organiza- tionlof work, and above all of the government ot working class, must be resolved by those who are placed in the centre of the question, by those who work and direct other people to work. The captains of industries shall be noble masters among noble workers, and this shall be the first ambition of so- me, while the fact of serving a rich master shall be but a second- ary fact, because the love of men cannot be bought with gold, and without love men cannot support life in common. P tgipttz.:. Very grievio-us days were endured' by Italy after the victory of the Army in the great war. The souls of the veterans were rendered ob- durate by the spectacle of death, exasperated by the spasmodic ten- sion of every day, of every hour, of eVery minute, dissatisfied with work and unable to adapt them- selves again to normal life of be- fore the war. The privation of the trenches excited the most severe passions; they wanted to "rejoice to a degree far in excess of what they had suffered. Farmers, laborers, came back deluded with a giddy propaganda. To find a good recompense con- sidered from the material angle instead of the moral one was what they desired. They were ready to lay violent hands upon anything if what they considered their just reward was delayed, and their great desire was sharpened by the tact of the startling suddenness fortune ot the protiters of the war. The windy folly of Bolshevism had touched the soul of the work- ers. Thé extremist Socialist exalted the example of Russia and incited the masses to follow it, and they predicted also the advent of Com- munism in Italy, the (advent an- nihilated by Fascism), idealized by them as the sole regime able to assure the most advantageous things for every Italian. The Fascist movement in Italy took definite form in the diftieult reconstruction post-war period. The conditions prevailing in Italy were similar to post-war conditions in other combatant countries. It may be surprising to many readers to know however that Socialism spread to such an extent that some factories were taken over try work- ers. The learned author is of the opinion that conditions were mo- re serious than in England in Car- 1yle's day. Professor Licciardelli sees in Mussolini all that Carlyle has pre- dicted of the ideal ruler. He may very naturally be excused of this admiration carry him into an ex- CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 THE NEW .ARISTOCRACY ITALY AFTER THE WAR cess of praise for the great Italian leader. Of certain designs of Mus- solini the world has been made sensible. Is not the badge of law and order a relic from the days when Rome was Imperial "mistress of the world?" The fasces were carried by lictors even before that when the consuls held way in the republican city state. It is, to be fair, somewhat dit- ficult to determine upon what phi- losophic basis this work rests. In appearance many of the ideas ad- vanced incline to Utilitarianism rather than to Christianity. I One of the items of the Labor Charter states that work under its organized and executive forms; in- tellectual, technical and nominal is a social duty. The greatest reform of Fascism has been in the' di- rection of syndiealism. The work- er is the partner and eo-equal of his master not a mere machine. The tendency towards group mo- vements and associations is cha- racteristic of our century thereto- re it is an almost incessant de- mand for new rights for workers. Union makes for strength and harmony in industrial relations. It may be noted that the syndicalism sponsored by Fascism is more in line with Christian teaching since extreme individualism on the one hand and extreme Communism on the other are both anti-Christian in practice and theory. Italy was fortunate to find the man, the minister in Benito Mus- solini. The minister servant of the na- tion, because whoever doesn't like to be a servant of a mass of men will never be their master, their This'is the secret of Mussolini. If there is a man that is not really free in Italy, that man is II Duce, and he accepts such a servitude as the highest prize that he may re- ceive. Mussolini is the man coveted by Carlyle, "the wise man endowed with quality, with method, with conscience, with valor, which are the bases of wisdom." Mussolini has in his spirit the dream to rebuild Italy, "the great, the superb, the majestic Italy" in her singular divine geographical expression, orriamented by her wonderful cities, enclosed by four His earnest and foremost desire is to give Italy her Imperial destiny, rendering great the Italians mate- rially and morally. , Italians must live not in abstract idealisms but in national realities, and strive with all strength to Ice- vive values. This is what made Mus- solini a rebel of Socialism and Duce of Fascism. To save Italy from the grave dangers that had threatened her it necessitated an eruption of moral idealism. All for the State in the State, nothing outside of it. Such is the slogan ;of Fascism: In the midst of varia- |tions it must constitute the one stability and security. One might [also compare the thought of Mus- solini with that of Carlyle. For 'the latter democracy is "the effort 'to tind heroes to govern us and -the satisfactory resignation to do lwithout these when they cannot be found." The most important reform of the Fascist State turns toward syndicalism doctrines. The worker today cannot be considered any more as a mechanical instrument of production, or like any other utility, but he must be considered as a partner of his master. T The idea today makes for har- mony rather than antagonism, establishing the equality of tree- dom between the unjust disparity of the various social classes. It is the association that has formed the worker and capitalist, although the latter are always in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wa- ges of labor above their actual ra- te. The most sensible reform otl association in the economic field is the eo-operation, that sentiment, that is, conscient and free which spurs the individual to unite _i1'i,'isiiii,1'i'-) self to others to obtain by organ- ized common efforts the best 1e vantages tor the satisfaction of the) numerous wants or life. To co-ope-1 rate means, in fact, to unite one's own strength with that of another to redound in favor ot each. Thus every one will obtain the various economic benefits at less cost ot than by any other means. More- over, co-operation constitutes an educational school for the worker. He will receive his share propor- tionate to the quantity of the work he has done. _ BENITO MUSSOLINI Co-operati-on renders, moreover, more vigorous the initiative and the individual independence. The tendencies of the working class is to form professional unions or syndicates. The 1faseist's Syndicalism differs from that of Socialism because the latter rests upon the principle of formentation of class discontent and is therefore negative. It viola- tes ethical principles. The Faseist's Syruiiealism, through corporations, intends to transform the productive organism from the individual to the association, and induce the universal collaboration ot all ca- tegories and factors of production. Syndicalism isn't dogmatic nor theological, it doesn't pursue past finality, it doesn't intend, that is, to adapt in advance a certain angle of economy. Fascism aims to or- ganize in a manner more rational and proficient agricultural and industrial productions. Such is the task that Fascism proposes itself to reach through corporation doetrines. Unlike the "Red one" the Paseist's faith which keeps in our society an everlasting enthusiasm. Ques- tions which seem to be old, present new angles. Conceptions change as ideas do gradually become funda- mental conditions of life. Today the State dominates the corporations and it uses them as personal organs tor the exercise of the sovereignity in the economic and social fiéld. The" advent ot the new aristocra- cy, foreseen by Carlyle, to give, with a new social asset, peace and love to the tired people of labor, could not be possible if the cap- tains ot industry and the labor- ers were not bound by solid tet- ters, and without the working masses being inclined to obey, and to 'a, noble loyalty in exchange tor a noble direction. To reach such an aim it was necessary. Subh laws and rules tind in the Labor Chart- er of the Fascist State their vital foundation, while the decided trend can be found in the Corporations which oonstitute, as it were, the very essence and stregth of pro- ductive activity r (Art. VI Labor Charter). The ethical element that, accord- ing to the noble inspiration of Car- lyle, should have vivifled the world of Labor, is realized by Mussolini and Fascism. "If a laborer become unfit, he is protected by the, State. To avoid mistortau1es-to the worker while on duty, the State has taken every preoccupation so that machinery and technical and technical appa- ratus in shops do not become dan- gerous to the worker. The shop- owner is held responsible if a la- borer, for any reason, should meet- with an accident of any sort, obli- ging the owner to pay for any da- images caused by work. The health of the laborer is pro- tected by the State. Fascism would' betray his high ottiee, if, with ne- cessary Legislative measure, it didn't prevent abuses of is blind to interest of the worker. Such conception in the Labor Charter and in the Fascist State provides for the worker obligatory insuran- ce, the betterment and the exten- sion ot maternity insurances, in... surance of professional diseases, and tuberculosis, and the general insurance ot all maladies. Fascism has but one end eoir.. cerning the workers: to conserve for the laborers all the past con- quests and to increase the present patrimony in order to consign it in its full integrity to the coming generation. The Fascist Corpo- rations must also look after the education of their members, thus combining the national action of "After Work", to the initiative of education. And here is another magnifiqent coincidence of the continuity ot thought with Car- lyle. Now the institution of "Atter Work" and the National Balilla (Boy Scouts) with sporting t1elds and summer vacation, and with other field of recreation created by Mussolini and Fascism, once mo- re answers to the fervid inspira- tions of Cérlyle. In the purely social or eommu-' nistic state strife seems to be the object desired in the organization of workers and the promotion ot class hatreds takes a first place. The Fascist Syndicalism desires to get away from evil individualisms and induce co-operative effort in production. Fascism also takes a larger part in directing individual' FASCIST'S ITALY L'ARALDO DEL CANADA, MONTREAL, 2frlNIAjGpp 1932 and private initiative than is usual in the so-oalled "eapitalistie" sta- tes. There is in Mussolini, Signor Lic- ciardelli affirms, a vein of mystic- ism. This assertion deserves atten- tion tor one is inclined to believe that there may be certain mystical qualities about 11 Duoe. _ The Corporative State, which is the official designation of the na- tionally organized syndicalism, and the Labor Charter, which governs industrial relations, are the solid foundations of the new order which hopes to achieve great things for Italy. Time and space alike have pre- vented more elaborate treatment of certain detailed passages in Professor Lieeiarde11i's book and it is because .they have been thought to have been lacking in wide ap- peal that their publication has been abandoned. It must not be imagined that it is possible to dwell upon so weighty a work in the limited time allowed by the public press. . . 0.0"-u--u-u-0-o-o-n¢o-(Deco-n-o-nux-Ody-0-0-0-0-". f.. y _.__0-l).0.n.0.l la pii1 pbpolare in tutta l'Europa e nell'America del GRADEVOLE DELIZIOSA i RINFRESCANTE DISSETANTE ! OTTIMA PER LA SALUTE : La famosa bibita "smALCO" ha un gusto tutto suo particolare ' L "6:; if ". nr' , . _ ' Montreal, Canada, May 1932, ROLANDO PIROZZI la famosa bibita "SINALCO" aitgitgiteatgilgiit,aaliBiratalBiiE5iMBiit? 0omandate "SNALC0" Bevete " SIN ALC0" Gustate "SINALC0" "gatgittigaBiiEsEaBiitf, dites simpiement Tbs-gins degalessow deieiri/ me 12:; 51mm avec une vLeHle (are met sons oucun wccir: . mats cello, "iTie7)up k mond'é'f'a comprls - lo note Juan! Sud si vende a Montreal. " in vendita dovunque 0.0-0.0.0.0-0.0-0.n-0.0-1 5C "pas 'P L'ARTICOLO IN IN GLESE Per fare conoscere a1 nostri ami- ei inglesi J1 substrato intimo del- l'anima fascism, 1e idee a cui si ispira e I'opera che compie per il bene de1 popo1o italiano, p11bNi- chiamo questo studio del nostro collaboratore Rolando Pirozzi sulla reoente pubblicazione "Benito Mus- solini e Tommaso Carlyle. La Nuo- va Aristoerazia" del Prof. G. Lic- ciardelli dell'Universitiy di Pavia. Noi speriamo di dare ai nostri lettori, con questa eontribuzione alla conosoenza. del Paseismo, un mezzo chiaro e pratico di penetra- zione, di persuasione per servirse- ne con gli amici inglesi. 11 Fascismo ha bisogno di essere pii1 eonoseiu- to e divulgato in questo paese. Pii1 esso is conosciuto meglio e pii1 sa- rir apprearato. E crediamo che nes- suna parole. pii1 limpida e sentita di quella del Prof. Licciardelli pos- sa raggiungere meglio lo scope. Invitiamo pertanto i~nostri let- tori a leggere yarticolo in inglese e a farlo leggere ai propri amici. IL SEG. DEL FASCIO ents IL DUCE VISITA I LAVORI del porto fiuviale di Roma Stamane il Capo del Governo si é recato sulla spiaggia di Fiumi- oino per rendersi conto dei lavori marittimi che saranho prossip1a- mente iniziati, in collegamento con la sistemazione del poito di Fiu- micino e del porto t1uviale di Roma. Le opera da eseguirsi Gli some state illustrate dal Ministro dei La- vori Pubbliei on. di Crollalanza, dal Ministro della Marina ammiraglio Sirianni e dagli ingegneri capi del Genie eivile Bonamieo e Palazzo. TEL. DOLLARD 4800 LICENZIATO NELLO STATO DI VERMONT, B. U.- EX CHIRURGO DENTISTA DEI . SOLDATI VETERANI DEL VT. EX CHIRURGO DENTISTA DELLE SUORE DELLA SANTA CROCE VT. CHIRURGO DENTISTA LARALDO DEL CANADA ESTRAZIONI SENZA DOLORE Tutte le comunieazionf dirette al giomale, anche se non pubplieate non si restituiscono. h. Geo. F. 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