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Pope Bonifacius IX, appointed the Jew Emanuele his personal phy- sician and in recognition for his me.. rits and those of his son, Angelo, the Pope granted to the Jewish Commu- nity of Rome a considerable redue.. tion in taxes. Still more conciliant was his suc. cessor, Pope Martin V. (1417---1431) and his successors too adhered to the same politics of tolerance, a spirit of mind all the more remarkable as in those times the waifes of religi- ous hatred and persecution overflow- ing Spain, Germany an d m o s t other countries of Europe could not remain without effect upon the Ital- ian population. Then came the year 1492. It was the year of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and many fugitives fled to Italy and this coun- try through the Holy Father Alexan, der w, opened to them the doors of Rome, offering to the Jews asylum and hospitality. In those centuries the Popes, en.. tering Rome after their election for the first time, were welcomed also by a delegation of the Jewish com- munity presenting to the Holy Father the Thora to which the Pope then made his reverence, renewing the promise of the Popes to protect the life and the property of the Jews. The splendid, intellectual Jewish life in Moorish Spain having-been destroyed by the stakes of the In- quisition, Italy became the spiritual asylum of the Jews, the denter of Jewish philosophers and poets. The spiritual pride of the Italian Jews of that epoch found its expres- sion in the title "Prince of the Conu. munity" conferred on the Rabbis of the Italian Jewish communities. The Popes and other Christian Authorities showed themselves gra- teful for the, Jewish work. 6 months later the fugitives from Southern France joined their Perse- outed Jewish brethren of Spain and Whilst in other countries the Jews had to struggle for their bare life, Christian and Jewish Authorities of Rome had to restrain the luxury in the dresses of Jewish women. This was a language and a spirit quite preign at that time to the men ing outside Italy. k orical documents of these can- show that many Jews in ly then were active as physici- ans very often in the service of the Popes -, many were associated with Christian partners in the com- mercial line, many ploughed their own soil, a possibility which in that time was allowed only to Italian Jews. [Even Pope Innocent III, himself, the initiator of the Crusades, a re.. ligious fanatic, had to renew the Edict of lTolerance proclaimed by Gregorius the Great. And whilst the 4th Council of the Lateran became by its intolerance andHnexorability, a terrible plague for European Jews, yet in Rome, at the Residence of the Holy Fathers themselves, a great many Jews, fu- gitives from other countries, found an asylum in which to rest after ter.. rible persecutions. In this connection mention might be 'made of Holy Father Gregorius IX, who by his Edict of the year 1233 asked tolerance for the Jews "Sons of the same Creator". To name some of them, Pope Gre.. gorius (590-608), Pope Calixtus II. (1120) and the Holy Father Alexan. der m., who, as many influential persons of those centuries did, al. lowed his economical transactions to be carried out by Jews. Many of the Popes themselves asked and obtained human treatment of the small Jewish minority. Whilst in Spain the stakes were burning alight for the Jews, whilst they had to leave Germany to save their naked life, only the Jews of Italy could stay where they were, only the Roman Jews could continue quite unmolested their spiritual and material work. One couhtry, however, in which even in mediaeval times life was be- arable for the Jews, was Italy. THE JEWS IN MEDIAEVAL ITALY As to the life of the Jews in the Middle Ages of Europe, the religious fanaticism of those centuries turned the life of the Jews of whole Europe into a long and dark night. I BdMiaemNNt) ITALOJJANADM THE J EWS IN ITALY By ELI RUBIN (SOZIUS) -- Ma perché, mio caro, prima di sposare non mi hai detto che avevi rara, Artom Ernesto, Dott., 1868, Asti, Barzilai Salvat. Avv., 1860, Trieste, Della Torre Luigi, Dott., 1861, Ales.. sandria, Dieno Adriano, Aw., 1857, Venezia, Levi Isaija, 1863, Torino, Loria Achille, Prof., 1857, Trieste, Lustig Alessand. Prof., 1857, Trieste Mayer Teodoro, Minister of State, dei denti d'oro? - Perché non volevo che tu faces- si un matrimonio di interesse. Ancona Ugo, Ing., Prof., 1867, 1865, Trieste, Supine Davide, Prof., 1851, Pisa, Volterra Vito, Prof., 1860, Ancona. Does such a list require any com- ment? THE JEWISH SENATORS IN THE FASCIST ITALY OF MUSSOLINI 1860, Trieste, Morpurgo Barone Elio, 1858, Udine Mortara Lodovico, Minister of State, In these countries when the envy for bread is not using racial argu. ments, it employs religious pretexts or is using no pretext at all, content- ing itself with brutal force. And in this way - quite incredible for the European Continent-equality prevails for all citizens in Italy, as proved by the following data, which statements can be controlled with- out any difficulty: 1855, Mantova, Segré-Sartorio Conte S a 1 v a t o r e And what is the position of the Jews in the Modern Italy of to-day? To be short, Italy has no fear of entrusting her fate to a Jewish Prime Minister, her soldiers to Je- wish Generals and her academical youth to Jewish Professors. There are so many countries in Eu.. rope in which Jews, in spite of the fact that for generations they have contributed to the economic develop- ment of their respective countries, cannot become Public Functionaries. There are so many countries in Europe in which Jews, notwithstand. ing their excellent, scientific rese- arch-work, cannot become professors of universities. i What is the life of this minority in a Europe full of open or secret hatred against the Jews? In a Eu. rope in which Jews are openly per.. secuted by a well armed Germany; other countries, smaller, weaker than Germany, content themselves with secret persecutions combined with humiliations under legal guise! Some of these peoples are using racial pretexts, others are employ.. ing religious arguments and the sa- me is said of Nations in which the Jews, enjoying economic liberty, are, as regards their political and social life, surrounded by a wall as high as the arrogance of these peoples. There are so many countries in Europe in which Jews, notwithstaruL ing the fact that tens of thousands of them have lost their life' as sol. diers in the war, cannot become ar.. my-officers in time of peace. May it be mentioned that the Je.. wish physician, Giacobbe Mantino, THE JEWS IN MODERN ITALY Having previously depicted the Jews in Ancient Times and the Me- diaeval Ages, we will now deal with their position in the Italy of to-day. The successors of Pope Alexander VI. too maintained the same line of tolerance towards the Jews, and in a special way the Popes Clemens VII. and Paul III. In that period the Italian Univer.. sities were accessible to Jews too and it was the medical career which offered them many chances. The reign of Pope Leo X. (1513- 1531) meant for the Italian Jews a new period of prosperity, spiritual as well as material, a prosperity so splendid that the Roman Jewish Community applied to the Rabbis of Jerusalem, asking them "if there are no signs for the coming of the Mes. siah for the Jewish people!". The documents of that time are speaking of many J ews in prominent positions in the world of Science, Arts and' Trade. they too found an asylum in Rome Date and Place of Birth: Fer.. - L'altro ieri m'avete venduto an cerotto per liberarmi dai reumatismi. __ Precisamente. - Ebbene, ora vendetemi qualcosa per liberarmi dal eerotto, Luigi Luzzatti was Prime Minis., ter, General Giuseppe Ottolenghi was Minister of War, Pavia Angelo was twice Undersecretary of State, Senator Lodovico Mortara is actual.. ly Lord Chief Justice and First Pre.. sident of the Court of Appellation in Rome. Senator Isacco Artom was the in.. timate collaborator of Cavour, and Giacomo Malvano was for many ye. ars Secretary General in the Minis- tery for Foreign Affairs. Facts are proving that such a question does not exist at all. For many years, up to the present days, the Secretary General of the Parliament was a Jew, Professor Camillo Montalcini, and one of the best known Members of the Italian Parliament is Gino Olivetti. The following list of Jewish Sena. tors in the Italian Senate to-day gi.. ves a clear answer: What is the attitude of the Fascist Government in this question? And the Senate in the Fascist Ita- ly of Mussolini? From the dates of birth here gi... ven, i. e. going back as far as 120 years, we can see that the tolerance in Italy is not of recent date and was already a fact at a time when the emancipation of the Jews in the other countries had not even begun. One of those Senators, Isacco Ma- rog6nato-Pesaro, was invited twice" by the king of Italy to enter the 03.1 binet, but he had to refuse for pri-l, vate reasons. 1 The Senator Gabriele Pincherle was Honorary President of the Co- uncil. ter of War, 1838, Mantova. Ottolenghi Salvatore, 1831, Asti, Treves de Bonfili Barone Alberto, 1817, Venezia, Parenzo Cesare, Avv., 1842, Rovigo, Pavia Angelo, Avv., 1848, Venezia, Pescarolo Bellom, Prof., 1861, Torino Pincherle Gab. Avv., 1851, Venezia, Pisa Ugo, Dott., 1845, Ferrara, Polacco Vittorio, Prof., 1859, 'Padova, Romanin-Jacur Leone, Prof., 1847, 1855, Padova, Wollemberg Leone, Dott., 1859, Pa.. dova, C 1847, Pisa, Ottolenghi Giuseppe, General. Minis Padova, Sonino Barone G., 1844, Alessandria, Sonnino (dei Baroni) Sidney, Dott., Consiglio, 1841, Venezia. Malvano Giacomo, AW., 1841, Torino Massarani T. Dott., 1829, Mantova, Maurogénato - Pesaro Isacco, Dott., Emilia, Levi Civita Giac., Avv., 1846, Rovigo, Luzzatti Luigi, Prof., Presidente del I This part of Jewish History will (always remain a page of honour for the Italian people. Date And Place Of Birth: Arbib Edoardo, 1840, Firenze, Artom Isacco, 1829, Asti, Ascoli Graziado, Prof., 1829, Gorizia, Cassuto Dario, Avv., 1850 Livorno, Castellani Enrico, 1858, Padova, D'Ancona Alessandro, 1835 Pias, D'Ancona Sansone, 1814, Pesaro, Fano Enrico, Avv., 1834, Milano, Fano Giulio, Prof., 1856, Mantova, Foa' Pio, 1848, Mantova, Franchetti L. Dott., 1847, Livorno, Levi Nobile Ulderico, 1842, Reggie was a Lecturer of the Roman Uni- versity and historical doeumtnts of 1524-1550 speak of no less than 23 Jewish physicians of very high repu- tation. It was in the time of Pope Julius IH., in reaction to the Lutheran mo.. vement that the position of the Ro.. man Jews became worse and the Ghetto was introduced. But even in the hardest and most bitter times, they never had to leave their homes, they always could con. tinue to practise their rites, they never had to fear, like the Jews out- side Italy, that brutal foree might extinguish the flame of Judaism. Even in those times, however, when the laws against the Jews se- emed not only too severe, but quite unbearable, then it' was always the human and tolerable spirit of the Roman population which set aside those inhuman laws. Resuming, it may be said about Jewish life in Mediaeval Italy, that the Jews spent many centuries of splendid spiritual and material life mingled with a few bitter periods. And the following period, after many centuries of tolerance and prosperity, was full of humiliation and exasperation. THE JEWISH SENATORS IN ITALY BEFORE THE WAR For instance, the Crown-Prince of Italy, the Prince of Piedmont, had as one of his teachers a conservative Jew, the Senator Professor Vittorio Polacco. And Fascism itself? The attitude of the Fascist Gov.. ernment in this question, resolved by so many Governments in Europe - not only in Germany - in a bar- barons way, may be clearly seen by the following list of Jewish Pro.. fessors and Lecturers on the Italian Universities. _ . l LI On Italian soil the Jewish scien. tists always found encouragement and the fairest chances for work and existence. A science free for all - an essen. tial condition - in the choice of Professors and Lecturers, a science free from every prejudice and envy for bread so deeply rooted in most of the Universities of the European countries. And in this respect too Modern Italy - and no less so the Italy of Mussolini - continues the old R0. man traditions and of a high moral value and stimulance is the noble example of the reigning Dynasty of Savoia. If ever a science can be considered a free science, it is science in Italy. When knighted the following Gent.. lemen were members of the Jewish Community) Barone Castelnuovo, Barone Franchetti Abramo, Barone Le0nino Leone Davide, Barone Levi Agosto Adolfo, Barone Levi Giacomo Giorgio, Barone Levi A. Giorgio, Barone Levi Ulderigo (Senator), Barone Levi de Veale Moise, Barone Lumbroso Abramo, Barone Mantel Donato Salamone, Barone Padoa Leone Emilio, Barone Todros Giacobbe Abramo, Barone Treves de Bonfili Giuseppe, Barone Vitta Giuseppe Jona, Barone Weil-Weiss Lainate, Conte Corinaldi Michele Dott., Conte Sacerdoti Isacco, Conte Ottolenghi Meir Emilio, Conte Ottolenghi Leonetti. In this list must be included Ba... tone Professor Alessandro Artom knighted some years ago for the great services he rendered during the war to the Italian Navy in the line of Radiotelegraphy. THE JEWS IN THE SCIENTIFIC LIFE OF ITALY Most of the Jews in Italy who we- re raised to the peerage, were hone. ured in the time of the Risorgimento in gratitude of the good services rendered by the patriotic Jews to their country. Other Jews were knighted in re- cognition of their great charity works. The figure of 11 Generals permits the logical conclusion of a proporti- onally higher number of Jewish Of- ficers in all ranks serving in the Ita- lian Army. The Jewish General Giuseppe Ct. tolenghi was Minister of War of Ita.. ly in the years before the Great War. In Rome can be seen the most splendid monument ever erected in honour of great soldiers __ the Arch of Titus. 8 of these Italian Jews who atta- ined the rank of General are: General Liuzzi, General Olivetti, General di Nola, General Pavia, General Modena, General Segre, General Pugliese, General Bonajuti. It has been made in order to glo- rify the military virtues of the Ro- man Soldiers, but at the same time this Monument recalls the long, hard and bitter resistance of the Jewish soldiers conquered only after weary and bloody battles. Such monuments are never conse- crated to heroes if their conquered enemies themselves were not worthy of such a glorification. We may be sure that the experien- ces the Roman soldiers underwent in their different wars with the war. like spirit of the Jewish people in Palestine has never induced the Ita.. lians to underrate the military vir. tues of the Jews as many European nations did before the Great War, And so it cannot be too great a surprise that the King of Italy dur- ing an audience he granted 2 years ago to the President Nahum Soko- low, mentioned to this Jewish leader the fact that in recent years the Italian Army counted no less than 11 Jewish Generals. JEWISH NOBILITY IN ITALY THE JEWS IN THE ITALIAN ARMY a Castelnuovo, b Franchetti Abramo, a Le0nino Leone Davide, a Levi Agosto Adolfo, a Levi Giacomo Giorgio, : Levi A. Giorgio, ' Levi Ulderigo (Senator), , Levi de Veale Moise, , Lumbroso Abramo, , Mantel Donato Salamone, '. Padoa Leone Emilio, a Todros Giacobbe Abramo, '. Treves de Bonfili Giuseppe, '. Vitta Giuseppe Jona, ) Weil-Weiss Lainate, Corinaldi Michele Dott., Sacerdoti Isacco, Ottolenghi Meir Emilio, Ottolenghi Leonetti. --oooootototooooooo.toooooooooooooooooooooooooi' . M. MISSORI & COMPANY ' 3 287 CLAREMONT Sh. TEL. LL. 0101 g TIDRONTO, ONTARIO .'ro""-oo060o.e.ooo00-tooootooooottotoo" t"--iooo-otooooot-o-et-, , TRILUSSA. 20009000909009. ..00t0000000000-ttt0ot.- Pagamenti effettuati per Pasta e Telegramma nel minore tempo possibile. MlillBlllMlllSl.con i piii grandi vapori del mondo FORTE RIDUZIONE l' ZQWSUI BIGLIETTI DI ANDATA E RITORNO 2 Tuttirle pratiche necessarie per fare un buon viaggio" in Italia ed un faeilitato ritorno in Canada hmib's Hotel JilNte _ . 1lllmighai a la gallill . Earl Mt" "' Can i niii Grant" Trn nnri Hal mnnA AMPLIATO N UOVAMENTE Le Pretese Der CamaleOnte - Quant'é che me rifriggi 'sta canzone! -- incomincié a di' lui - Lascela perdet Me la cantavi al tempo ch'ero rosso, me la cantavi ar tempo ch'ero verde.... Che vai cercanno? che te zompi addosso? - Io canto ar sole, - je rispose lei - e la luce der sole é sempre eguale: che voi che ce ne freghi, a noi cecale, de che colore sei? Mentre cantava l'inno ar Solleone, una Ceeala se trov6 de fronte a tu per tu con un Camaleonto piu' nero der Carbone. RIMESSE DI DENARO IN ITALIA RINNOVATO ABBELLITO Massima Garanzia Servizio Eccellente. AD. 9845 8 Maggio 1936