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LB THREE erve 12 trouble. on. sans perfect dilation and ’0‘ lass rant in you: '91 features. ‘UPOI‘IS ue ODE DOHS C88 lot .ooooooooooooooooooooo¢¢$¢ What Germany ME "-3 f ccept Europe enters the third year 02 the war. None of the belligerent nations Will pass the milestone without questioning the past and peering into the future. The total casualties of the Whole warring continent must number by now something like fifteen millions, a figure equal to the entire man- hood of a Great Power, anzi this total includes, perhaps, three mil- lions killed, and a like number of men permanently broken and maimed. A pestilence would have carried off the Weak, the aged, and the immature; but these men were the selected fit. We cannot doubt that the third year, if peace is delayed, will be costly, both in §§§§§§§§§§§§A .§¢§§§§§‘.V¢QA. ¢ 1£ ed PAGE TWO. From The Nation, London.) will avail to hold ure offences. It f by these expedL the motives for . It is too hopeful nt because it other State Will to trouble the and fails to pew 1ggression \\ as eda bV the anarr-i any international susp1c1 'ou's camps ace of am: stable by which nE‘CE‘S’ d be effected 1W .-a.‘ to hold it back :95. It fails to expedients it es for another hopeful and too me it assumes .te will ever be e the Work’é fn T‘;(‘!‘C(}i\'€‘ that gutive purl-’05“ )ly be general Lr aim for Eur- is securitY- One 'attain it by w. Its attitude Listic and 1:00 assimistic be- : the German e of learning calamity 01' 2' less than up». .I. ut: uu ne SlOfl S‘_t~9DI>in_g from her _ __-_ --..u\1usz Jade‘ tion‘. gives for the first time the necessary guarantee of impartial- ity in the council of the League, while it adds to the resources with which it would confront the lawbreaker. If We have come to' see in such a League as this the supreme hope of international order, We cannot treat its creation as a detail in the settlement. It surpasses in importance every other War aim. Nay more, it mus; be the organic and inclusive prin- ciple of our settlement. Every detail must fit into this structure and must answer the test, whe- ther it furthers or hinders the idea of a League of Peace. 9139. The adhesion of America, '1§¢+o§4¢+§¢+§¢+¢o++§§¢§+++§ this “Drang towards the éfiphhino fnnm LA- ‘ With this organic principle in our minds, let us turn to our de- tailed problems, assuming that competent Americans have war- rant for their belief that Germany would be willing, on terms, to join us in creating this League of Peace. If we may hOpe for this, it follows that everything must be banished from the programme of both sides which pre-supposes the continuance of a state of latent warfare. We must drop the notion of a trade war, and require from the enemy the abandonment of the aggressive side of the Central Europe idea. We must next elimin- ate on both sides all specifically strategic demands. One cannot say that one aims at a Europe con- ducting'its affairs by conference and then proceed to squander life and, wealth in the effort to achieve conquests whose meaning is that they will add to the striking pow- er or the military solidity of the State which achieves them. No more must be heard of those strat- egic rectifications of frontiers of which the German Chancellor has Spukt‘n, nor. above all. of the Ger- main “corridor” to the East. Italy must abandon her pretensions to full control of both shores of the Adriatic. a project which would deny a maritime future to every other race of Central Europe. The great sacrifice which this principle. demands is that of the Russian ambition to possess Constantino- ple and the Straits. This is prim- arily a strategic (demand. It lig- nores nationality. It would be dif- ficult in practice to reconcile it with any reality of‘independence for the Balkan peoples. We can find a middle term in a strong international control of the Straits. If Russia does not possess the shores of the Straits. she must have in a neutral police. the as- surance that they shall never be closed against her. The problem of nationality in Eurone has been confused in all the war-time debates on both sides with the irrevalent aim of weakening: the enemy. It Would be easv to adopt the Socialist and Da2ifist formulaâ€"the territorial “status quo ante bellum.” But with some of these problems of nation- ality unsolved, it is not easy to imagine a Europe tranquil and se- 2ure. Not for one generation or for two 2am We imagine a League of Peace so strong that it would dare bid Germany surrender Alsace or issue its fiat for the {reconstruc- tion of Poland. It will work for many a decade only by comprom- ises and adjustments. The big radical changes, if anv are neces- sary. must be made to- day. The more or less in ”11] such cases de- pends. partly on the mwlngation of the war until the resistance to large changes is broken down, and partly on the possibility of offer- ing economic advantaged in return for concessions to nationality Some settlement of the French problem of the “lost provinces.” Dreferably by plebiscite, is indis- Densable to European peace. The erection of a neutral buffer State is a possible but very doubtful solution. It is. perhaps. a mistake to regard this as a single and simple problem. The purely French region of Metz has the prior claim. The western region of Al- sace. German by race, but still mainly Fren :h by sympathy. comes next. The eastern region, more zlxerical and conservative, is also more reconciled to German rule. Each area. if a plebiscite were taken, might vote separately. Th: .ct of reparation involved in the surrender of Metz might suffice to end the historic feud. if the rest of the Reichsland enioyed equal rights with the rest of the Empire, and liberty to retain its bi-llnguai habits and its French culture. In the case of Poland, the easier solution, in the sense that it re- quires less fighting, is also ideally the better solution. The idea of a genuinely independent Posen and Galicia. with the use of Dantzig as a free port, appeals to European Liberalism as that of an autonomous Poland under Russian rule does not. It is no demerit of this scheme that the creation of such a buffer State would remove one of the fears that helped to make Prussian militarism. There remains the tangled problem of Austria-Hungary. To break it up means war to the bitter end. Each of its national problems involves a problem Within a problem. There is a German “Ulster" With- in Czech Bohemia. and a Magyar “Ulster” Within Roumanian Tran- sylvania. To these add the eco- nomic puzzlesâ€"how to secure mar- kets and exits for land-locked Bo- hemia and Hungaryâ€"or, indeed. for any Central European people if Italy acquires Trieste and Fiume. Two considerations may Well check the impetus to a destruc- tive solution. Our own painful ex- nerience in Ireland. should give us charity. Nor can We forget that there are acuter problems of na- tionality in Russia than in Austria- Hungary. The moderate conception of a solution is to require from Austria-Hungary guarantees that she Will give to all her races. and. especially to the Czechs and South Slave, the liberties which her Poles enjoyed in fairly generous measureâ€"preferably, by some federal reconstruction. The League isovland "\vfiyich ouéht to include. with the Duzhy of Warsaw. part of .11“ cxxca, tranquil isola- §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§O§ a. f 905. 695. {By Austin Harrison, in The Daily Mail, London.) After the failures of our second- ary military expeditions, it is inâ€" telligible that we should be loath to embark upon yet another, par- ticularly as it is another great overseas War with all the attend- ant diffizulties of transport and the zonstant danger of submarines. None the lessz the Salonica base a - V‘JV lull.» LC.DD L11: O'cllUlllJLl. [)2158 has been estalflished; the armies are there, and, What is more 1m- portant still, the hour, the place. and the objective are strategical- ly of almost decisive military im- portance. The weak point in the Germanic defence toâ€"day is Austria, who, thanks to the unexpeztedly for- midable onslaught by the Russians on the Eastern front, now finds herself in the predicament which fazed her at the end of 1914â€"with this difference, that whereas then her reserves had not been raised. they are this summer, potentially at least, pretty Well exhausted. Linked up, economically and mili- tarily, with Austria-Hungary, de- pendent. in fact, upon her power of resistance ,the secondary Ger- man arm, which may be called the Balkan Alliance of Bulgaria and Turkey, stands or falls; consti- tutes absolutely the heel of Achilles. or thn \‘1.Il°ze:.":"1‘.>l" S'g')’)i is? the enemy lions r)? if ‘T‘C‘ Tr) which must he added the unpleasâ€" ant propinquity of a doubtful Roumania. 'NO‘VV the Pan-Germanic schemc r-1ims primarily at which the Gerâ€" mans call the “economic hegen 0113' of the East.” In Turkc3 it is this economic power, not land. which is the German purpose. and it maf truthfully be said that so long as the Germans hold the railway line thzouO'h Serbia to Const 1ntinoilc not .on13 is the 2:011 of Pan- GC-xâ€" munism attainwcd but the milit313 mnditions are eStablished which ensure the faithful attachment to Berlin of the Austrizm-Pmlkmv group. Incidentally it is the reason why the Germans are readv for peace. Not the West, but the East, is their objective. Not Belgium. but the German way to Constan- tinople, is their coveted prize. whence. they hope to pursue thtil‘ aims eastWard and southwards to the Persian Gulf. It was with this 0bje2t in View that the Anatolian ‘ailway system was initiated, as Well as the Kai- ser’s polizy of infiltration, which dated from 1898 (when he entered the Holy City on :1 white chat 5701* and addressed the Mahommedans as ‘his fr’iends m or the graxe of Saladin.) Turkey to Germany is a “heal- thy selfish” interest. C‘c'ttun, wool, napthaâ€"these are the things that Germany Wantsâ€"and the fertility of Mesopotamia. And should aim, not at a partizan ap- plication of the doctrine of nationâ€" ality by conquest and partition. but at the inclusion in its szmstj- tution of some general charter (f national rights. This would bring hone to the Finns, Letts, Ukrani- ans, and Jews. as well as to the Austrian Slavs, and it would be within the duties of the League to see that the charter was observed. Some minor national problems may best be solved (after a plebiscite) bv annexation. Italy should have the Trentino, and Russia the Ru- thenian part of Eastern Galicia. All this, it may be said, though a relatively moderate programme, involves big and unwelcome changes for the Central Powers. Assume their goodwill, and it is easy to suggest compensations which Would fit into the scheme of a harmonious League. It cannot rest on economic morlOpoly; it will not hold together if it denies to the great energies and advanced industries of Germany a share in the world’s work of developing the backward regions of the earth. France might ease. the restoration of part, at least. of the lost prov- inces, if she would open her closed colonies to German (and other foreignl trade. An equivalent for Germany’s African colonies, if not the colonies themselves, may be given back as a counter against concessions in Europe. Finally. there is Turkey to consider. Rus- sia must secure unhlampered use of the Straits, and humanity re- quires that Armenia (which she is in a fair way to occupy) shall re- main under her flag. But Germany, The Imperiance of Samnica on her side, if Berlin-Baghdad he- :omes by the consolidation of Ser- bia across it. a commercial and hot a strategic route, may seek as part of a general Settlement in which she must surrender much. to have the future of her great economic enterprises in Anatolia and Mesopotamia assured to her. A revision of sea law, which will make our maritime power consist- ent With neutral rights in an or- derly world, must be our equiva- lent for her consent to reduced armaments and a system of regulated conciliation. These are but hints, susceptible of much variation, towards a set- tlement which might be attainable without an indefinite p1: donga- tion of the W ar. The argument for moderation Would be destroyed onlv by conclusive D10)f that Ger- many is unwilling to co- operate in establishing European security on the basis of an international League. The first step should be an authorized attempt, through American agency, to discover her real mind. If she Will actept this organic principle of a settlement, the details, difficult and pei- nlexed as they are. need not defy skilful and patient negotiation. THE DURHAM CHRONICLE. this “Dng towards the East” has been the life and, soul of Pan-Ger- manism, it being clearly recogniz- ed by all German Writers and au- thorities that “Whole work" can only be accomplished with and through Austria: success, in fact, depending on the fate of Austria. “av-.- on Whose fate that also of Tu1keg', as a German interest, is 1mm 1tab- 13' im olved. Thus, if the Germans were to walk out of France to-morrow and Belgium the day after, yet keep Serbia and maintain their Turco- Bulgarian military and economic partnership, in great part the Pan- German scheme would be realized, and Germany and she could end the war on sum terms, would. in- cont-estably have gained the chief part 9f. her gbjectiv‘e. And this idea it is, which Ger- mans designate as Austria’s “eth- ni: landslide,” without which all Pan-Germans agree there can _ be no chance of success. This is what the Germans are fighting for, what they hope to maintain, and as it is the Germanic central objective, so, militarily, it is the weak spot in their armor. The Austrian principal of govern- ment, “Divide and Conquer,” is not suitable in war. Pressed on all sides, Austria is in dire stress, and because Austria is in jeopardy, so is the Austro-German policy in the Balkans, .on which hangs thc allegiance of both Turks and Bul- gars ,an-d its point of danger is from Salonica. Without Austria Pan-Germanism has neither meaning nor power, for the Whole essence of Pan-Ger- man Imperialism lies in the terri- torial exI)ansion of Austria-Hun- gary by means of which alone pressure can be brought to bear on Turkey. and through Turkey on the Balkan peoples. .1. iecisive blow stmcl: 2:211 ardss from Salonica, breaking through the Bulgarian resistance and liber- ating Serbia, and Pan- Germ manism will receive a mortal wound from which in this war there can he no recovery. The Young Turks joined Germany because of their belief i117 German arms, and Bulgaria joined" Germany also for the same reas-; on. But if the Bulgarians are de-' feated and driven into their oxxn country, T111kev will find herself cut off, stranded reeling mto helplessness, and the hour ofi Austria’s fate Will have sounded. That is Why the offensive fromi Salonica is of such enormous im-g nortance. It is here that the Ger-§ man heel of Achilles lies. It is: there, if We strike Well and. victor- 3 iously (above all if we strike now,? when the Austro-German armies? are fully engaged, that a decision’ may be reached of overwhelmingly 3 military and political significance which would not only frustrate all Germany’s ambitions, but inevitab- lv hasten the end. of the War, if only by process of disintegration. For Sale by or nearest agent Canadian Pacific Ry. or apply W.B. Howard, D.P.A. Toronto Canada’s Greatest Annual Exhibition REDUCED FARES From all stations gn Ontarig. also from Niagara Falls, Buffalo, N.Y. and Detroit. Mich. anada’s Greatest Raiiway for Special Train Service and Special Excursion Fares SEE LARGE POSTER H. J. SNELL TRAVEL VIA First undergraduateâ€"Have you telegraphed to the old man for money? Second undergraduateâ€"Yes. First undergraduateâ€"Got any '.| n 5 wer ? Second undergraduateâ€"Yes. I teleoraphed the gm ernor. “W' m re 12 that money I Wrote for?’ and h 5 answer reads, “In my pocket." â€" Baltimore Sun. Charley, dear,” said - young Mrs. T orkins, ..“this article says that the old-fashioned stump speaker has almost disappeared." “1’-es?Ӣ ‘-We11 it’s easily explained. The gm-ernment has imposed so many restriiions on cutting down trees but the supply of stumps has probably given out.”-â€"Washington The sole head of a family, or any male over 18 years old. may homestead a quarter-section 01 available Dominion land in Mani- toba, Saskatchewan or Alberta. Applicant must appear in person at the Dominion Lands Agency or Sub-Agency for the District. En- try by proxy may be made at any Dominion Lands Agency (but not Sub-Agency). on certain condigions. Dutie8.-'â€"Six months’ residence upon and cultivation of the land in each of three years. A home- steader may live Within nine miles of his homestead on a farm of at least 80 acres, on certain condiâ€" tions. A habitable house is re- quired except Where residence is performed in the yicinity: ‘ SYNOPSIS 0F CANADIAN NORTH WEST LAND BEGULA'}. IONS ' Live stock may be afibstituted for cultivation under certain con- ditiona. In certain districts a home- steader in good standing may pre- empt a quarter-section alongside his homestead. Price $3 00 Ber acre Dutiesâ€"Six months’ residence in each of three years after earning homestead patent; also 50 acres extra cultivation. Pre-emptiOn patent may be obtained as soon as homestead patent, on certain conditions. A settler who has exhausted his homestead right may take a pur- chased homestead in certain Dis- tricts. Price $3 00 per acre. Dutiesâ€"Must reside six months in each of _three»yea1:s cultivatg 50 acres and erec't a house worth $300. W. W CORY, Deputy of the Minister of the Interior. N. Bâ€"Unauthorized publication of this advertisement will not be paid for. 4116 6m IN A SAFE PLACE. .USIC Agent, Durham THOUSANDS OF MEN REQUIRED FOR HARVESTING IN WESTERN CAN ADA Thousands of Men are required to help in the great work of harvesting the Western crop. The task of transporting to the WeSt this great army of workers will [all to the lot of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Excursions from points in Ontario to Manitoba, Saskatchew- an and Alberta will be run, and special trains operated, making“ the trip in about thirty-six hours“ Without change o_r_ transfer. Consult C.P R. Agents regarding trgpqportagion west of Winnipeg. _ “Refurfiing Trip East," $15.00 from Winnipeg. “Going Trix; West," $12.00 to Wignipegt Going Dates. August 17th and 318tâ€"From Toronto Sudbury Line and East, but not including Smith’s Falls or Renfrew, also from Main Line East of Sudbury to, but not including North lBay. August 19th and S'eptember 2ndâ€" From Toronto, also West and South thereof. Further particulars from C.P R. Agents, or W B. Ho- ward, District Passenger Agent Toronto. MNADIAN NATIONAL “5'3 EXHIBITION 5??“ 1,200 Performers; 10 Massed Bands; chorus of 60 Voices Glorious Pageant symbolizing Imp perial Solidarity and Power Mammoth Scenic Reproduction of the British Houses of Parlia- ment, Westminster Abbey and the War Office. Scenes that have thrilled the Em- pire Re-enacted by Overseas Troops. Immense Munitions Exhibit Shells in Process of Manufacture Model Camp, Trench Warfare, Hand Grenade and Bomb Throwing, De- struction of Warships by Hidden Mines, Bayonet Fighting, Federation Year Fireworks, Complete New Midway. Tomato, Aug; 26 to Sept. 11 Government Exhibits, Superb Showing of Live Stock and Agricuttural Products. Acres of Manu- factures. $3.00,...‘00909 Q... 0. 0 ot...‘oo.00.90.00.0¢.00.0. W ON AND UNDER W SEA . A ON LAND A R m THE AIR R Empire Federation 1% Spectacle R Anmer Rugs, ()ilcloths Window Shades Lace Curtains and all Household Furnishings TINSMITHING Mr. M. 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