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,‘J'o‘u-Iv-w H ':’-.\:n mu... 4“, V...“ ~..._. _..._.._._ . ~ .’.’07‘!!S AND C OMJIEA'TS. ’ i ' France and Great Britain in confer- ‘ence in Pm: to attempt a reconcili- ation of French and British claims in West Africa makes timely a more pre- cise smnmary of the causes leading to this conflict of interests than we have yet git en. The territory to which these rival ria'uns relate liesin the Western bulge of Africa, between French Sen- egal on the wast and the British Nig- er territories. including the Niger Pro- tectorate and Nigeria. on the east. The coast line of this area forms the’ north wast of the gulf of Guinea. and; run- ning eastward from Senegal, is divided as follows: Eritish Gambia, Portuguese Guinea. French Guinea. British Sierra Leone, Liberia, French Ivory coast, British Gold coast. German Togoland, French Dahomey, British Lagos, and the Niger territories. Each of these divisions has. or had, a hinterland, that is, an extension inland as wide as the extreme points of its coast line, the interior limit of which, is, under the current theory, determined by interna- tional agreement or by contact with the territory of another power. The right to ahinteriandcarries with it the right to make treaties with the native chiefs establishing the political influence of the must [nu-er within its limit. and it is the disregard of both rights by France. in her attempt to build up a great colonial empire in that quarâ€" ter. that. England claims is the cause of the present conflict. The ambi- tion of France is to connect her three main areas of occupation in West. Afrira~ Algerinr'lmnis on the north, Senegal on the west. and French Con- go on the south, and so in time to gain control of the ‘whole western bulge of the continent. (,‘irdcr an agqurnent with' Great Britain. made a few years ago, her sphere of influence south of Algeria.- Trun'is. has been pushed down across the desert to a fline drawn from Say. on the middle Niger, to Barua on Lakc 'l‘ohad. but on the west coast Mor- orcn and some Spanish colonies prevent a. similar sduthfward. etxtcusiom of French influence to Senegal. As any immediate junction of the latter with Algeria-{Dams by seacoast is thusout of the question. French activity is di- rected for the present to connecting lonegalaudtheFrench Congo through the hinterlands of the various colonâ€" ies on the Guinea coast; a task made easier by the fact that the line extend~ ing from Lake Tchad to Say, agreed upon as the southern limit of French tnifllu‘enoe in that quarter, does not extend west of the Niger. thus leav- ing the hinterlands of these colonies gandetlenml’med. Eight years ago France so extended the Senegal hinter- land south and east as to cut off the hinterlands of British Gambia and Si- erra. “cone. and this way is now open for a junction of this hinterland with the li‘mnch Ivory ova-t. This done, she has only to extend the hinterland of that. coast eastward in the rear of, the British colonies to reach the lowen Niger and so tap this trade of that stream. and, in fact. to add the larger- part of the interior region west of the Niger to Senegal. .As this would. of course. deprive the British colonies of their hinterlands, and confine them‘ to their small possessions on the coast, Great Britain has sharply protested) against it, not alone as a violation of the international principles governing hinterlands. but of the rights acquired. under a. system of treatyâ€"making sanc- tioned by common agreement. Whe- ther the commissioners of the two pow- ors will find a basis of settlement sat- isfactory to both has yet to be seen; {active occupation is the only true test: but. the French contention that cf- of ownership. will, in view of the dilaâ€" toriness of England, which has occu~ pied tho coast for more than a cenâ€" tury without attempt to introduce civ- llization into the interior. be a difficult one to overthrow. _---..u_ .. N... THE AGE OF “'OME‘N". The common objection among wo- mankind to letting their ages be known is not shared by the women of Japan. who actually display their age in the arrangement of their hair. Girls from nine to fifteen wear their hair interlaced with red crape describ- ing a half circle around the head. the forehead being left. free with a curl at each side. From fifteen to thirty. the hair is dressed very high on the forehead and put up at the back in the shape of a fan or butterfly. with interlacing of silver cord and a decoraâ€" tion of colored halls. Beyond thirty. 5 woman ""3"" 1‘" hm" “round 3 lie on. is all that seems needed to keepl for. shell pin plsccd horizontally at the back of the head. Widows also desig- nate themselves and “bother or not‘ they desire to marry again. . M';___ __ A dispute between a. wife in Detroit became so exciting that the husband floored his partner with a tea-kettle, and then repeat- edly kicked her. She chatted mur- der. and I. policeman entered, and was start to arrest the man When the wife attacked the officer! with a bucksaw. and with it ripped his uni- form to fathers. . , WINTER CARE OF DAIRY COWS. l m HORSE FOR ‘PROFIT. The avenge farmer'who grows severâ€" ‘ “ 3.1 kinds of grain and maintains three or four kinds of live stock. usually has Whatever method of taking care of but an incidental interest in horse cows is to be adopted, the general out- breeding. Teams are required to do line should be made early in the fall,; the Work on the farm. If one Operate: and if successful should be continued; a. farm dairy and haspou‘ltry products through the v. inter, for cows are large; and fruits. and vegetables, where deliv- . ly creatures of habit, and having once cries must be made to the city or vil- become accustomed. to a certain routine! 1886 every day. he has constant use. do not respond favorably to any great, for a. roadster team. “'here a farm changes. In regard to their food thej is devoted almost exclusively to mea- important thing to consider is that itldOW 01‘ pasture and orchard lots, the when. combined form a. well-balanced ration. and. herein a knowledge of the chemical composition of the different foods becomesof greatassistance in deâ€" termining the kind and amount of each that may be profitably fed. \Vhile very good results may be obtained with a ration considerably at variance with that established by the best feedâ€" ing it. is better in making plans for the winter fobd to so arrange that thei nutritive ratio shall be as near as pos-I sible to what has already proved to be this best; that is. about one of protein to six of carbohydrates. It seems to be the best policy to feed those things that are grown on the farm. and. with the proper rotation of crops enough can. be grown. so that it will not be neâ€" cessary to purchase any other foods. although on our western lands it seems; that foods rich in carbohydrates are more easily and. abundantly grown than those in which the protein sub- stances predourinate. so that it is fre- quently profitable in order to get the best use of the home-groove foods to purchase bran or oil mleal, substances invests of such grain and forage thati work may be don» largely by the me- rich in portein. But whenever we have a good crop of oats and a good crop of clover .hay we can. with our almost sure crop of corn make a ra- tion that would be difficult to improve upon. At the beginning of the feed- ing season it is best to make the amounts of each kind of grain corres- pond with what would equal the es- tabllshod balanced ration, but in my feeding experience I have noticed that different cow's need their food made up In. different. proportions and even this same animal will need changes from. time to time in the make-up of its food. By the time the herd. is on full feed the observant herdsman will have learned the needs of the different animals and can marine such variations as. seem best. The form in which the food_ 1s. given; is a». subject worthy of consideration and involves the contra: versy of grinding or feeding whole grain. The solution of the question is a. matter of judgment. for under some Circumstances ground. food may be best and under other circumstances whole grain. may be better. The whole gran-n: has the advantages of cheapness of preparation, less liability of injur- ing the animals by overfecding. and if the droppings are utilized there is cer- tainly less waste. in: my own experience I have made my best success and most money dur- ing the time I'lnave fed whole grain, shelledcorn. oats and clover hay. An- other Important consideration in the management of a herd of cows in the “'1.”an is the manner of feeding and imam-mg the*- cows at feeding time. Each cow should have her own stall and be taught to go to it. and should be fastened so she calnnot molest any other cow. She should be fed at regum lar limesâ€"twice a day is often enough eâ€"anld the herd; fed in. regular order. Above all things the food manger should be kept clean and especially free from any taint that is offensive to the cow. The best plan is to have movable boxes or pans that may be scalded with hot water and exposed to the sunlight whenever an animwl. begins to leave food 1.1]. any part of them. In our cliâ€" mate our dairy cows must have some sort. of shelter from storms and cold during the winter. yet; in providing this shelter consideration should be had for the natural requirements of the animals. Nothing is more injurâ€" ious to this health of a herd of cows tilran. to be confined at any time in a. barn; in such numbers that the heat from their bodies will keep the tem- perafure above the freezing point dur- in: the winter. While it; is true. that cattle so confined are usually great producers of milk and butter. or. the some. time their condition is' such as to 111'» rte. the most disastrous diseases our cattle are liable to. The herds of cows founrl to be worst infected with tuber- culosis have been those which were zip-l parent-[y the best protected from the iaclemen:~ies of the weather. Nature inl her care for all aninrah; has not ne- glected the cow. and if allowed to do her part she covers the animal. which; if liberally f'.‘.:l thon- lines this (out; with a thick layer of fallow. both non-J conductors of heat or cold. Neither; one in the least a hindrance to heri niilk-gixinfx ability, but a milking cow: can rarely provide herself with eitherj of thew protections against cold ifcon-g fin-31 in a warm barn. Such cowsi have thin ~~hC>rt hair and very little; fallow puller the skin. With such" natural protection. a cow will show no‘ sign of discomfort in very coldl weather. A protection against wind, and min. together with a good bed to; 1 l a cow comfortable as far as cold orl storms are concerned. But feed andi shelter to hear count for nothing; without a good herdsman. H‘e lnusti not only be kind and neat and regular. hm cattle. Cows are unable to speak? the human language. yet they are con- tinually expressing their wants and feelings by their actions. A good herdsman understands these as. This knowledge comes to a meal only by long experience and cldse studyl of animal nature and its [*‘tmession is; almost always the by to success. 3 dium sized teams. Such a proprietor who has a real liking for a horse and who takes pride in training and fitting his team togood serviceable work and graceful Appearance, may breed this style of equine successfully. A good. foundation for breeding. however, is always imperative if one would. suc- The average roadster horses of high: quality, while very intelligent, andf kind. in disposition, are somewhat sen-3 sitive and nervous because of their high instinct and. powers of quasireas- Outing. Because of this delicate or- ganization. much more training and handling {will be required for such horses. and this should be begun if possible, before the youngster is a month old. There should be no feel- ing that time given to training 'un- youth is wasted. If the creature is kept for one's own work, its excellence and efficiency during a. quarter of a century and its faithfulness and alert movement, will many times repay for. the time devoted to its early lessons.‘ Such a colt; prOperly trained also in times of business prosperity. will sell readily because of its training for from three. to ten times the amount it would bring, as a. crude untrained am- mal. at four or five years of age. i ' As a rule the roadster horse should weigh, when]. mature in growth. at five years, not 1535 than 1,100 pounds For heavy work on the ordinary farm three such horses worked abreast will‘ do as much heavy plowing or harrowing as a. rule, as the largest pair of draft; animals. Their all-around adaptam tion to many kinds of farm and road. work renders them especially servi- ceable. Three such horses on a small farm. of less thinn- erighty acres will af-i ford, during this greater part of the} year, a good dou-b’le team and a single! A HIGHTY BATTLE OF PREHISTORIC TIMES. ' â€"â€"9 Discovery of a Field Where Barbarians Fought Twenty Thousand Years Ago â€" Thirty Acres of Skeletons Have Been Found In the Iluluippi "alley. Evidences of a. mighty battle be- tween barbaric races contending for the possession of the great: Valley of the Mississippi twenty thousand years ago, in which sixty thousand; and per- haps a hundred thousand tawny skin- ned warriors gave up their lives, have been discovered. in the Indian. Ter- ritory. The initial discoveny was made by laborers employed in grading aw road- bed for the Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf Railway, a few months ago, near Rediands, I. T., in the) northern part of the Choctaw Indian reservation. They were surprised to find, at a depth of six to eight“ feet, a deposit of human bones, ancient pottery and stone weapons‘of warfare. The road at this point ran through one of the terraces of the Arkansas River bot- tom for a. considerable distance, and as the grading progressed carioads of human bones, most of which: crumbled when exposed to the air, and great quantities of rude battle axes, arrow points, long, daggerlike javelin points and pieces of pottery were unearth- ed. i , THIRTY ACRES OF SKELETONS. The workmen made no effort to pre- serve the relics, and the real value and extent of the prehistoric. remains might never have been known, had not Professor Edwin Walters, an archaeo- logist and geologist, in the, employ of the road, happened along "about that time. He recognized the importance of the find, and has recently made ex- tensive excavations. By digging and sounding he has ascertained that thirty acres, most of which! is heavily timbered, are underlaid with human bones. -, l x , His‘first theory was that he had found an ancient burying ground, in which for many! succe5sivc~ genera- I'l firmer: all-inuriéationstnd so“ far toward prming the correctness of ProfeSSor Walters' theories. Here, he believes, the decisive battle of this great international war of the: primi- tive race was fought; ' l 2 It is‘in the midst of a rough. rolling country. The Arkansas River, broad and deep, runs east and west at this point, its channel. being against a rocky wali on the north hunk of the river. in the country of the Cherokees To the south and left of the river are two broad terraces, covered with giant oaks, and it is the, higher of the two, through which the railroad runs, which contains the prehistoric remains. Upon this terrace can easily txt traced the rude fortifications which were evident ly the objective point of the warlike Maya-Toltecs. :4 Following the t0pography of the country in his calculations, Professor \Valters figures out that the invadâ€" llng army came across the level plain lying to the west, drove, the outposts of the Mound-Builders lxwk from their settlements around the great mounds that may still be seen! at some dis- tance west of the recently. discovered battle ground, to the main fortifica~ tions or earthworks. Here the two great armies, each possibly numbering two hundred and fifty thousand; en- gaged in a struggle that should only cease when one or! the other had; been hopelessly vanquished. What a terrible hand-toâ€"handstrug- gle it must have been!) Every acre of that “dark and bloody ground" con- tains the ghastly remains of from two thousand to three thousand warriors, . and that they died amid a perfect raid l of arrows, javeli'ns and stone axes the vast numbers of thesel death-deal- lug instruments unearthed bear mute testimony. FOUGHT HAlNiD '1‘0 HAND. i \Vhat fearful carnage must there have been when bet-ween sixty thou.- sand and one hundred thousand men, Iarmed only with bows and: arrows, javelins and rude battle axes, Went downl Little wonder that. almost ev- ery skull is crushed inl with a‘ blow from a battle axe-or pierced with arrows, whose tips had previously been dipped in poison. ‘ ’ HERE IS THE BUTCHER GIRL‘. A sixteen-year-old girl in San Fran- cisco has hit on a novel way of earning ‘ her living. She has gone into the .f butcher business and is making a great ' success of it. Her name is Lillie Kanâ€" litz. and her customers say that it is a real pleasure to have a steak or a lroast- cut off and served by a brown- driver for use at the same time. Wheui tions the trilmsmen had been! laid to i eyed slip of a girl in a Spotless print: one of the pair may be sick or lame,: thethird horse may take its place, 505 that there is ordinarily always a team. to be relied upon. If possible on thei rest, but when he picked! up a. skull In which thirteen moss agate arrow points were embedded the conclusion lgown and apron instead of a man in 8. spotted jacket and apron. Miss Knnitz's father, Otto Kanitz, average farm of 100 acres or moralwas forced upon him that he .hadlconducts the Log Cabin Market in two good. teams, of this sort should be- mzri-ntained. Where convenient fouri mares, to be used alternate seasons for: breeding. furnish a'profi'table invest- ment. In fact where the work of the farm is not very burdensome, all mayl be used for breeding, alternately, one' pair for the spring and one for the; autumn. i In the case of the farmer distantl from. acity or village, whose princiâ€"= pal business is fattening hogs, cattle‘ and sheep. and growing grain for this purpose on more than 'half of his; farm. it is desirable where his work requires more than one team, that he. employ large draft mares. One such; team, may, to advantage. be of medium! larrow points or stone javelin come battle ground. Further excavations revealed other skulls, pierced with arrow points and many skeletons in portions of which heads were buried. One of them was dug up with a stone javelirv head thrust through the spine and projecting for Several inc-hes through the breast~ hone; Scarcer a sin]! has been upon a prehistoric ‘found that does not bear the marks The great number of stone 1 of violence. war Implements that are being found _ She is a full partner in the business and her father's only assistant. l the San Francisco pail, is as proud of l his daughter as possible. The girl has iso mastered her trade that when her i father is away she is left in charge of .hhe shop. She runs it like a veteran. itoo, filling orders from a quarter of. [beef to a Unfit-bit for somebody's pet zdog. A girl butcher might; not. be .exâ€" ' San Francisco. Ipected to heattrnctive in person and manner. This one is. She is said to be straight and lithe and active, and the arm that wields the cleaver in- ,stead of a golf club or tennis racquet : is prettily rounded, with a supple little Weight, about fourteen hundred poundsl Confirms, meessor waiters, thenry ’ wrist and tapering fingers, Miss Kanitz at maturity, and another should Weigh, not less than sixteen hundred pounds; I t is always advisable that brood! mares should be worked moderater through at least eight months of the year. The influence on the future off- spring engendered by Labor is of much value; and the physical strength de-, raved from the work is of value to the dam. in; such cases. ’Autunnn colts. as a. rule, are pre- fisrable in. the case of draft animals, interfering less with the heavy spring work when horses are most needed. \thein warm box stalls are provided for the dam and young in cold weath- er, there is an advantage in training tire colt to eat the proper grwin for its best development and withhold-, but; it from the grazing grounds un-: til. its framb is more mature. ; in breeding, sound hoofs, eyes, and‘ constitution, as wiell as good. disposi- tion. should be sought in the parent- ase- NO'I‘ES. ’ Keep the fodder tied up close to the lrusking. It. is a waste of land to give it only: half the cultivation it. needs; it is al waste of time to spend it half-doing at l Cabbage may Nmain out without danger of injury from frost. after beets. carrots and turnips should be stored for the winter. l Nothing is better established in agriculture than. the value' of a pro- per rotation of crops. Do not. raise a crop of corn or a' crop of wheat five, ten or fifteen years in succession on the same piece of laml, and then won- der why you get a small yield. If you have been poles standing I the ground pull them up and store some where under shelter. If they are worth using they are worth caring An eastern gardener pulls up the poles that have any beans on them when frost comes and puts them away vines. and all. where frost cannot get husband and in his habits. but he must understand} at them. and in this way is able to keep the beans fresh for some time. If you find it hard to get the manure out in time to plow the fields. take it out as often: as a load accumulates. if and is constantly reading t ,- mung“: is every day. It is better by far that the manure rots and leeches upon the field then it wastes by leaching in the barnyard and loses itsstrength in the wayside ditch. that. one of the most . sanguinary struggles of prehistoric times occur- red there. V . ~ GREAT PRIMEVAL CONFLICT. The mystery which, envelops that strange scene of primeval conflict may never be cleared away, but to the mind of Professor Walters the story! of that. 'has rosy cheeks, brown eyes and hair. and dresses becomingiy. She has a gentle manner, and. while business life has made her alert and keen, it has not. taken away her girlish modesty and simplicity. Her parents are industriâ€" ous Germans, who. by; years of steady labor and frugality, have acquired con- !siderablo property. The girl butcher early struggle is as all open book. The and her mother own city real estate seventeen years he has spent in explor- valued at several thousand and This was deeded to- them by Mr. Kan- ing_the mounds, fortifications buried cities of the vanished races of dollars. itz. but the possession of it has not Central and North America have-de-lbecn a cheek to the (laughter?! ambi- veloped facts of surpassing interest) to archaeologists. All of the prehistoric inhabitants of North America, Professor \Valters he- lieves, came originally from Central America. Thirty thousand years ago three millions of people, breaking away from the vast pOpulation that for countless centuries had occupied Cen- tral and the northern portion of South America, journeyed northeast- ward along the coast. of! the Carrilrean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and finally ovorspread the Mississippi Valley. They belonged to the race of! Maya-’1‘oltecs, who, as is shown liyutheir monuments and ruined cities, had attained n. re- markably high degree of civilization for that remote period. As the centuries passed the wander- crs lost. much of their knowledge of architecture. astronomy, chemistry, :i.il engineering. and sculpture, in which the parent race had become pro- ficient. Instead of building temples and monuments, they became mound builders, and their rude structures are scattered throughout the Mississippi Valley and the region of the great lakes. ‘ ' Ten thousand years passed, during which the Mound Builders lost} all of the characteristics of the Maya-Toltnc race, and when. as the successive waves of immigration from the Yucatan swept over the Pacific slope and cost-- ward toward the Mississippi Vallev. the supremacy of the. Mound Builders. was threatened. they fortified their fron- tier against the incursions of their new enemy. The Mayan made periodic attempts to wrest the rich valley from their graSp. and many were the. fierce battles fought. Professor Walters has found a series of fortifications extending north and south and facing each other. The first of the prehistoric chain of fortifications that mark this one time bloody battle line is found near ()rnsha, Veb. From that point it followed down‘ the river bluffs to Kansas City. and. from there has been traced mthwnrd almost to Mexico. The battle ground just found in the Choctaw country forms a link tion to earn money for herself. She keeps the books of the firm. makes out, collects, and pays nilbills, and de- livers orders to customers in their own homes. Early any morning she is to be seen with her horse and cart whisk- in briskly from street to street. liss Kanitz was graduated at one of the grammar schools two ears ago. and Is a fine housekeeper. he bought and has .paid for out‘ of her own carn- ings a piano. The first payment she made on it; was 8209, which she had saved out of commissions allowed by her father as a bill collector. Mr Kanitz expects to go to Dawson City next spring. leaving his daughter to carry on their joint business. M...â€" __....... .._- A FR'F. E G l l'"i‘. Miss llibbsâ€"See here! Why are you u’nlnading all those shingles in from of my door? We havun‘t. ordered any Driverâ€"No. Inmn.â€"-'l'ln-y copies will the compliments of tho Ill-lulllmrs. You see. folks thinks from the way your boy acts that you (zan'l afford to buy any. CAREFULLY 'l‘ltAlNl‘Il). Miss-i Antique, taking politcly prof- fered mat. in :i crowded street, carâ€" Thank you my little man. You have l'een taught to be polite. i am glad to see. Did your mother tell you to al- ways give upgvour twat to ladies, Polite lloyâ€"No’m. not a.“ ladies, only old la-l'evs. â€"..__ MAN'S SMA LLEST BONE. The snmllest bone in the human “fly is situated within the drum of the cm- i“! ".1 Ni) HIM OUT. Houstonâ€"I'd like to go Hhtmtiug to- morrow. if I could only get a dog that is Well trained. Ethelâ€"Oh! l'll let you take lm-ue then! She can stand on her head on." shake hands and play dead. and 5.” her prayers and. do lots of things! ' .. A ALAMA )w‘ .m‘fia“~‘"‘~ . M4Wl -d~AW-M.’- The father, according to. m", : .m- 5. if", g_,-._~J’A,,_‘ 44:41. .........a.._. z v Ala-q, 2...». -