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i v-4 ,. v _. -fifln . , m BUlGan’sfiEK BRIMES LAND or BLOODY TasGsDIBs. POI~ sou AND cousrmscrss. ' ~. ~- 'Yke nest Lawless Nation on Earthâ€"A Look at Its Political and Social Wick- edness Which makes It on Outcast linle the liaisonsâ€"Torture is Still Recognised. Bulgaria, which just now is in the pub~ lie eye owing to the assassination of Stem- bulofl', is one of the most nncivilized of civilised nations. It is the land of the cutthroat, the torture: and the prisoner. Hedged in by great nations, all anxious to seize it, it is ever at the mercy of enemies without and of conspirators within its narrow confines. It is a veritable plague spot of diplomatic chicane, of treason, of outrages committed in the name of public honor, of political treachery and of social and moral rottenness. Although subject to a Christian ruler, it is infinitely more barbaric than Mohame- tan Egypt or Buddhist Siam. The murder of ear-Premier Stambulofi‘ in broad day- light and in the principal and most crowded street of the capital is but one of a vast number of analogous outrages, some known, others left unrecorded, which have stained its remnt history. Kidnappings, forgeries, floggings, arbi- trary imprisonment and confiscation of property have been quite as frequent as THE IRIGHTFUL BUTCE ERY which was used to put Stambuloff out of the way, and the murder of that states- man will have served some purpose if it has the effect of calling the attention of the civilized world tolthe fact that Bul- garia is very far from being the progressivo and up-to-date country that the literaryx guests of the craven Prince Ferdinand are so fond of picturing her to be. Several other ministers, several of them colleagues of M. Stainbuloli', others his political opponents, have been struck down by assassins in the streets of Sofia. It was I but four years ago that his most intimate friend, M. Beltcheff the Minister of Fin- ance, was shot down while walking by his side. The two men wore not merely bound together by community of political and financial interests, but were even related to each other. Yet after thel removal of Slanihuloff from the office of, Prime Minister he himself was actually charged with having shot his friend and kinsman, and his political adversaries 80' worked upon the feeling of the weak- minded widow of M. Bletcheff that she actually lent her name to the preposterous accusation, the result being that ill. Stam~ huloli was arrested and was out on bail under an indictment for murder when he- liiuiself Was killed. Another minister who met with a violent death was Major Paiiiiza, at one time Minister of War, who was arrested by? Stainbuloll in person, couri-martialled and '- shot twenty-four hours later on charges‘ of conspiracy against Prince Ferdinand, charges which, however, have never been satisfactorily proved until this day. MAP. icorr's DA Rl so PLOT. Pauli-la was not the only distinguished dignitary who suffered death at that time, and in the some connection. There was; also :1 Col. Markoll‘, Chief of the Military = Household of the Prince, and Command- ant of the Palace, whose conspiracy con- veys an idea of the lack of security that prevails at Sofia. One night a grand ball was to take place 5 at lhe. palace, previous to which the Prince I entertained a small company at dinner."‘i The guests had scarcely taken their seats 1 at table when an officer of the name ofl Major MnrinofT asked his neighbor why. Col. Markoll was not present. “ Why he has been ill for three. days“ and not been able to leave his house.” 1 “ You nstonisli me,” exclaimed the ' Major, in tones which attracted the at» teniion of the Prince himself, “for I would i swears scélcn‘n oath to the elfect that I saw llllll ve minutes a o co ’ His Highness's bedroom. ’5 , mmg out Of " That is impossible,” interrupted the Prince, and perceiving that he had failed' to carry conviction to the Major's mind, he gave orders that the four Macedonian jniinissarics, who were on duty at the two ' entrances of ’1‘“ l5 l’lllVATl-Z Al'.‘ RTMENTS, should he relic-val and report to him atl once in llll‘ dining-room. As soon a: they; entered the, Prince inquired if they had} lt‘cll any one within the last two hours, save those seared at‘lhe table. The men! having carefully examined the faces of all those present replied in the negative, and were commanded to return to their post. During the remainder of the dinner ihe' Major was the object of much cha‘l‘ and hauler on the part of every one, and was even taxed with a belief in spiritualism. The ladies had retired with Ferdinand’sa mother, the Princess L‘leiiicnlino, and the5 gentlemen were in the smoking-room with: the Prince, wneu suddenly the curtains1 were pushed aside. An officer was brought in who had demanded to see the Prince. upon a matter of life and death. He wasl brought to His Higlincss's presence as palel as death. and with his uniform, that of ai lieutenant of the Ferdinand Regimentfl, much disordered. He said that he had‘ come to Sofia that afternoon and had gone; to the cavalry barracks to see a brother: officer. While there he fell asleep, but! “was awakened shortly after dark by thei sound of voices in the adjoining rcom.’ Hearing the words "Austrian" and} “Coburger” repeatedly used, he listened} inlonlly, and learned that sharp at mid- night, when the Prince's ball was in full l l inundl‘ons oi cavalry were to surround the palace, while a regiment of artillery with their guns were :0 command the palace °quare. remark made by one of the conspirators : ‘Markod' is as well known at the palace as a yellow dog. He is familiar with all the corners and back stairs, and he has given us his solemn word of honor that as soon as ever thean leaves his apartments for dinner he will cut all the telephonic and tele- graphic wires, without any one becoming aware of the fact. The palace will thus be cut 00' from all communication with the outside world, and none of its occupants will be able to summon assistance from the City." At the mention of the name of Markofi‘ the smile vanished from every face, and Major Marinofi' hurriedly left the room. Three minutes afterwards he returned with blanched cheeks and in tones of tremulous excitement, exclaimed : "So, I was right after all, sir, when I observed that I had seen that sneaking scoundrel, Markofi’, before dinner. Go, gentlemen,” be continu- ed, telling the others, who had meanwhile entered, " and convince yourself that I made no mistake. The electric wires have been out in His Royal Highness’s room just beneath the bed, and every wire has like- wise been severed in the aide-de-camp’s room.” Messengers were at once despatched, summoning Prime Minister Stambuloff,and before midnight Markofi’, the . PERFECT 01' POLICE and a number of high officers and dlgnitarie' had been arrested, Col. Panitza, the officer who had commanded the left of the viola? ous Bulgarians at the battle of Slivinitza in 1885, being as stated above, taken :. pris- oner by th ePrime Minister hinlelf. A few months ago, at a reception given at the palace, police officials suddenh appeared upon the scene, arrested and carried off to jail two of the fairest guests, ladies belonging to the high circles of Bulgarian society. Months elapsed before they recovered their liberty. The sole reason for this outrageous breach of .the laws of hospitality on the part of the Prince was that the Princess happened to have been seized with a fit of vomiting after receiving an iced drink from one of these ladies,a circumstance which she at once ascribed as an altempt to assassinate her. The second lady was arrested because she was the sister of the guest who had the misfortune to hand the Prince the iced drink. There can be no doubt that torture is still recognized in the judicial procedure of Bulgaria. During the trial for conspir- acy of Police Official Anonow the prosecutor declared: “ Andonow has been closely examined, even beaten and tortured, but he still persisted in denying his guilt.” Facsimile letters bearing Stambulofl’s sig- nature likewise refer to this or that prisoner having been “tortured in jail,” as if it was a mere matter of course. Possibly torture is necessary to keep under control such a CROWD 0F CUT-THROATS as are now assembled in the Bulgarian capital. Kessiakof’f was high in favor with the present Government and with the Prince, behaved with the utmost savagery during the Turkish war of 1878, forcing the wretched inhabitants of Turkish villages to dig their own graves, into which they were then cast alive or after being bayonetted and shot. He was the ring-leader of the band of conspirators who kidnapped Prince Alexander, the predecessor of Prince Ferdinand, in this palace at night and carried him off into Russia a prisoner, thus forcing his abdication. Another man, high in royal and official favor at the present moment at Sofia, is Duressna, who with Nicole Tufekt-chieff murdered Dr. Valkovitch, the Bulgarian Envoy and Minister Resident at Constan- tinople, three years ago. It is only natural that Prince Ferdinand should hesitate about returning to Sofia, since he is to all intents and purposes assured of the same fate that has overtaken the man who placed liim upon the throne, and who so repeatedly interfered topreserve his life. From henceforth his days are monseigneur. I bind the following 1 menaced, not only by those who murdered Stambuloff and who have the same ‘rounds of animosity and revenge against h m, but is likewise threatened by the numerous relatives, friends and followers of Stem- bulorl’. As matters stand now, if the Prince were to be assassinated not a single court in Europe would or could, according to official etiquette, go into morning. He is to all intents an outlaw. without recogni~ tion among the powers. __.____.â€"â€"__.. PEARL FISHING IN QUEBEC. A New and Profitable Industry suggested in the Rivers of the Province. QUEBEC, Aug. 2â€"Recent investigations by those versed in the subject have made it evident that the rivers of Quebec teem with pearls. Though the fact is not generally known, it appears that for some time past a few individuals have devoted much of their time to inland pearl fishing in the province with very satisfactory results, though they may not have become wealthy at it. Fine stones are very rare, though some are occasionally found of the right color and as large as a good sized pea and erfectly round. But the less valuable kinds are very numerous, pearl-bearing shells being common in all the streams below the city of Quebec and in many of those above it. The shells themselves are of beautiful colors. A fine collection has been taken from the river Nicolai, near, Montreal, and if people who really knew something about the habits of the pearl-bearing mollusks were to go into the business here it is possible that a profitable business might be established. Some of the richest pearl rivers in the province are believed to be those in the newly-opened up Lake St. John district, which are now so much frequented by anglers. Remarkably fine specimens have recently been taken out of one of the tributaries of the Perihonca. Fishing for them is not an easy task, as gthe good shells generally keep themselves “up. ,w bandied“ of wharf “d two 3 in pretty deep water, and are only distino ufshed with difficulty from the others. ROUND THE WHOLE WORLD .WHAT IS GOING ON 'IN THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE GLOBE. Old and New World Events of Interest Chronicled Brieflyâ€"Interesting Hop- penlnxs or Recent Dale. Henri Rochefort has followed the example of Zola and Jules Claretie and taken to a bicycle. Russia produced 297,500,000 poods 0f petroleum in 1894, afalling ofl‘of over 27,000,000 from 1893. A pood is 36 pounds. The Emperor of Germany has ordered his children to acquire proficiency in swimming during their stay on the island of Rugen. Count Tolstoi is an enthusiastic bicyclist and has joined the Moscow Cycling Club, which numbers among its members many locally famous "scorchers." The aged Baroness Burdettâ€"Coutts is said to be remarkable for the youthfulness of her attire, her taste leaning toward delicate studs in pink and rose colours. Madame Gaches-Sarrante, the French feminine doctor, of some renown, is of the opinion that cycling will eventually drive the modern corset from the garb of the fair sex. Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Lord Salisbury’s literary daughter, has acknowledged the authorship of the recently published story “ The Curse of Intellect, which has made s. hit in England. Seven cases are recorded in England during the present century where the bride has been married to the best man by the clergyman’s mistake or the groom’s stupidity. Sir Frederick Leighton, who has been seriously ill in Algiers, has excelled in other ways than with the brush. He is a - musician of fine taste, a soldier, orator and a man of fashion. Sir John Pender says that £41,000,000, upwards of $200,000,000, has been sunk in ocean cables. At present there are 11 cable lines across the Atlantic, and these alone have cost $70,000,000. In France it is written, under severe penalties, for anyone to give infants under one year any form of solid food unless such be ordered by written prescription, signed by a legally qualified medical man. Gladstone looks for-Ward to the future without fear of death. In declining to do some literary work recently on account of press of other business, he agreed to begin the task in the latter part of 1896. Lady Henry somerset has set out to abolish the British barmaid by legislative enactment. The chief opposition is said to come from the barmaids themselves, who Dulllbel‘.50,_000 in the United Kingdom. A lady died the other day in England and in her will it was found that she had left the whole of her fortune, amounting to $50,000, to the local newspaper, the perusual of which had given her many happy hours. Thomas Butler, an Englishman, does not believe “ Chinese” Gordon was killed at Khartoum. He thinks the hero is a captive in the wilds" of the Soudan. Butler was a companion of Gordon in many of his stirring adventures. Nonsuit in England is a renunciation by the plaintiff of his suit, generally upon the discovery of some error or defect when the matter is so far advanced that the jury is ready at the bar to deliver a verdict. The plaintiff is to pay all costs. Mr. Herbert Spencer is irritated by the use which has been made of his name and views in support of socialism, and he goes so far as to say : “ I believe the advent of socialism to be the greatest disaster the world has ever known." W. S. Gilbert. who once said that he would not write any more comedies, has reconsidered his decision. A new play from his pen may be produced by Mr. Willard at the Garrickâ€"a London theatre n which Mr. Gilbert has a proprietary ntoreat. Long as she has resided in England, the Princess of Wales has never mastered the English accant. “ Channel,” for instance she pronounces “ shannel,” and there are many other difficulties of speech which lgelrav that she is a foreigner born and rod. On the omnibus tickets in London are found a variety of patent medicines. The Dublin tramcar tickets tell the virtues of the whiskey manufactured in that city. Glasgow, which owns its tramcars, prints Scripture texts on the cheap tickets for workingmen. There was an element of superstition in the betting of the ex-King of Servia at the Paris Grand Prix, when he Won $140,000. A mare had won every' eighth Grand Prix race previously run, and his idea that a mare would win the 1895 race proved correct. Cecil Rhodes’ estate near Cape Town South Africa, is laid out on an ambitious scale. Among its features are a preserved for big game containing lions and antelopes, several miles of fine avsnues, a glen carpet» ed with violets and hydrangea, and a museum of Cape Dutch curios and Mateo le relics. Since the earthquake in Florence there is hardly a street in lhe ancient town that does not contain one or more lighted shrines holding figures of the Madonna and saints. In some s:rects there are as many as four or five of these shrines, with garlands of evergreens and flowers around them and rows of burning candles before the images. Recent statistics show that the total “ banking power,” as it is called, of the world is £4,000.000,000, or 520,000,000,- 000. Of this North America, controls £1,200,000,000, while in Europe, including Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, all the great " capit- alist" nations control but £2,300,000,000. A Frenchman proposes a' tax on corsets. He maintains that the corset is a luxury lven alter obtaining the shells the search an! m a” . humful deforan“ to "1 “ti, sumac \viais wear. on. lawn, l Up to ih's po n: the Prince had li-tsnedl aiih (niisiiiersb'e wind. Mu. Iie :hen“ :9!!!“le u‘i.‘.“lw!‘ in mail heard Rug-g}, mg. ‘n [he 5",}! bir‘nd‘y ppcun‘a “canal; to lPVy 3 tax on be‘mm “Yrs. 'givrn in Bismarck. r'w. 1 “cure: a' r repliel: Three largercoms were rsedrd to hold .for the pearl is a, long and delicate one. It at“; dictum of {uhiom A, in Fun“ [mill b" hidden 1“ "‘9 50‘}? 0‘ th° "mu‘nk alone about nine million corsets are worn .or broken in too violently opening the m“ mnudlm "en . “111,81” “x would appreciably benefit the ever-yawning ex- ehequer. The Frenchman's idea is on par in Norway: With the Italian's who last ear proposed axing vanity, , you know. V - CHIEESE TORTURE. A Terrible Record of Decapitation: in. the nun-n Provinces If ghastly tortures and severe punishment would stop crime, China ought to be a Utopia with no breaches of the law; yet during the last few months, mainly because of the presence of forced levies of troops in various provinces, crime has been more conspicuous and brigandage has increased alarmingly. The Pekin Gazette’s report from Hunan is appalling. Last year eighty- one men were summarily decapitated in this one province for robberies cf the people, They were executed under the new lays, which provides that in a case of robbery with violence. if but one member of a gang of robbers be armed with a gun, all are to be executed at once without regard to head or accomplice or whether they have divided spoil. In all these cases the robbers had arms, and many of them confessed that they were disbanded soldiers. This list does not include over 100 execu- tions made in connection with the suppres- sion of a revolt of the Kolas Hui, or secret society, whose object is to depose the pro. sent Manchu dynasty and put. a Chinese in its stead. ' ln Winchow the mandarin has recently taken the torture and punishment of pirates in his own hands. He actually had all the inquisitorial aparatus removed from the magistrate’s court to his own official yamen and there set up. Every day two prisoners charged with piracy are brought before him, and he amuses himself by torturing them in all the approved ways. The poor wretches are taken from the hideous jail, where vermin crawl over the floor and walls and the stench is unendurable to a Europ- ean, to the yamen yard. They are so loaded with chains that they have to be helped along by an official on each side. Arrived at the yamen, they are made to kneel, without trousers, on a great heap of chains. Then a bar of wood is passed be- hind the knees, the back is fixed against an upright post by pulling the victim’s queue through a hole in it, the arms are stretched out and fastened to a crosspiece, and the thumbs are securely tied with cords. Then a. crank is turned, and the devilish machine strains all the cords so that the poor wretch’s joints are nearly pulled out of the sockets, and the agony is so great that the strongest man loses con- sciousness. When the sufferer has fainted servants rush forward, and while seVeral throw water in his face, others beat him with limbcr switches. When he is revived he is taken out of the machine and removed again to the prison. This process is carried on every morning until the prisoner con- fesses or gives up the ghost. It is said that the Wincliow mandarin enjoys this torturing with the keen zest of a voluptuary, and that he has devised several new and ingenious variations in the process which are warranted to pro- duce acute agony without seriously impair- ing the strength of the victim. â€"â€"â€"â€".â€"â€"_â€"_â€"_ QUEEN'S OLDEST SUBJECT. .â€"._ [tale and "early at losâ€"Rouds French and Italian Classes Dally. Who the Queen’s oldest subject is it womld be difficult to say. One of the oldest is Margaret Anna Neva, who lives in the Island of Guernsey, and who has attained the age of 103. A relative who contributes an account of the veteran to the Leisure Hour tells that she was born on May 18, 1792, anl every day goes through more than many only half her age. She has travelled a good deal in her time,’ and her last long journey was undertaken when she was ninety-two. She then want to Cracow, in Poland, to see Kosciusko’s monument, and also .to Russia. On the long journey to Poland her only companion was her sister, who was then eighty-nine years of age. Ian THE CENTENARIAN SPF.st mm DAY. When visited recently Mrs. Nave was found iii. the garden weeding and pulling up buttrupupsfi link at whic hshe continued for an hour and a half. After gardening she generally goes indoors and reads for an hour and a half, history as a rule, often in French or Italian, 170th of which languages she knows as well as English. Milton and Dante have been, and still are, her favorite books. Sometimes she enjoys a little German or Spanish, and she reads her Greek testament frequently. After her dinner at 2 o’clock, when she eats much the same as otheis do, she has a nap till 4 o’clock ; and then she talks and knits and has her tea. About 10 o’clock she retires to rest. She reads family prayers every morning and evening ; and when the light is good in the morning she roads without glasses of any sort. A GUEST A HUNDRED YEARS YOUHGER Til/LN ll lilL‘lEl.l-‘. Once a week Mrs. Neve has a luncheon party, and one of her favorite guests is her greatcnephew, not quite three years old, and rather mcrc than 100 years younger than herself. She walks about the house and grounds entirely by herself, and not long ago went up a step-ladder into a. loft to look for something she wanted and to see what was there. She frequently goes out to the meadow to see the cows,and calls them all by their names and feeds them our. of her hand. Quite recently a photo of this interesting old lady was sent to be shown to the Queen, who asked if she might keep the likeness, as that of one of her eldest subjects. Little Brother's Theory. Miss Pearlle (at the table)-â€"Oh, have you heard the news 2 Mr. Goodheart has broken his engagement with Miss Pinkie. He happened intoa theatre the other even- ing, and there, in the seat right before him, sat Miss Pinkie, with his former rival. That very night he went home and wrote her a letter, bidding her farewelL Little Brotherâ€"I guess Miss Pinkie hpd on that big hat. Ibsen was seen recently at a court ball and his small figure fairly asides for an eusV? blazed with stars, crosses, collars, pendants vol-mo FOLKS. j Five Little Girls. There wore live little girls with golden hair Who playcdby the deep blue on ; Said they, “ herever else you roam. There's none so happ -' as we. For the days are long and the sea is blue. And the sun shines liri ht and fair; Oh! \ve're perfectly suns t ere are no such girls Tho' you search out ov'rywbcre." There were five little crabefnom onto! the seaâ€" Oh. five little crabs so fine: They looked around on the golden sand. And drew themselves up in a line. Then the live liugcrs were stretched out wide To the place where those crabs did sit, And live little team came rolling down. For llvo little hands were bit. Then five dear mothers with loving care Kissed each of those lingers sore. And livellttlo faces looked so glad. For five little smiles they wore. No more they thought of the cruel bite. No more the teardrops fell. Forthcse i‘ivelittlo wounds had each been klss'd And me kiss had made them well. Then ten little feet sped gladly on. 8 cd back to the sea once more . An flvc little noses were raised on high. As they passed the crabs on the ~horc. “ "l‘was rudejzwns bad, 't.was cruel."they said. “To bite little girls so fair!" . But. the crabs l-mkcd on and sadly smiled. And didn’t seem much to care. How “Gamma” Dressed Jack. Jack came trotting into yapa’s room one morning with two little black stockings in one hand, twu little black boots in th° other, and several small articles of clothing over his shoulder. “Paps,” he said, “does you know how to dwess yittle boys 2 Gumma's gone," “Yes, indeed, my little man,"said papa i he lifted Jack to his knee, and beganto pull on one small stocking. “Stop, papa ! Stop !" cried Jack. “Dat ain’t a-wayl Gumma don’t do it dat-a-wuy l” "Well, how does ‘Gumma’ do it i” asked papa, pausing for instruction. “Dis a-way," said Jack, taking up one foot and then carefully grasping a fat toe in his chubby hand. “Here, Misther Toe, you an’ your bruzzers mus’ go into your yittle black house. Now don't begin to wiggle. One. two, freeâ€"dare you go 1" And Jack pulled his stocking over his five toes and up to his knee. Then, looking up into his papu’s face he said, “See 2” “Yes,” said papa, smiling. Here goes the other foot. Now Mr. Toe, you and all your brothers”â€" “No, no, papa l” cried Jack. “Dat one is Mishis Too an’ you mus’ say ‘all your yittle sissers.’ ” “Oh, ho i” said papa. “Well, then, Mrs. Toe, and all your little sisters ! One, two, three,â€"there you go l” And the second stocking was on. “Now,” said Jack, “you mus' put on the woof.” “The what?” asked papa. "The woof to the house." And Jack pointed to his boot. “Oh, the roof ! Very well.” And papa put on his boot, and began buttoniug it with his fingers. , “Dat ain't a-way i” cried Jack again. “You mus' get a hooker, and look all '6’ doors, so all the yittle bruzzers and sissers won’ get out ’e’ house for all day.” “Now see here, young man,” said papa, “does grandma go through with all this rigmarole every morning ‘2” “Of courth,” 'said Jack, looking at papa with surprised eyes. “Well, papa hasn’t the time. So let me get you into your clothes quick, before the breakfast bell rings.” So Jack had to submit to being dressed in a hurry, without his grandmother’s pleasant romancing. The minute he got downstairs he went to his mamma and asked; “Fen’s my gumma comin’ home ?" “She is coming to-iiiorrow,” said mam- ma. “Dat’s 'nice," said Jack; “ for,” he whispered into mamma’s ear, “my papa don’t know how to dwess yittle boys." What Can be Done for Public Bath- ing. An English parish council clerk gives an account of what the Council of his village has done in the’provisicn of public bathing from which something can be learned. The Council hired land adjoining a stream, ankle loop at one place, with a gradua] descent and a gravel bottom. Two old railway cars were bought, repainted and filled up with pegs and other conveniences for the disposal of clothes. The cars were made open to the river, and the river was iiiclosod with corrugated iron sheets, so as to increase the privacy cf the bath. The place is open for bothers from 6 a.m. toil p. m. week days and 6 to lO Sundays. The cost of an attendant is' 81.25 a week. Two afternoons are set apart for females from 2 to 4.30 o'clock. The cost for the year’s maintenance will be about $28, and this includes new ladders for entrance and exit to the water and a diving board. The baths are immenser appreciated in the village, and the place ll crowded daily. The young men are form. ing aswimming and polo club and orga- nizing a tournament of aquatic sports for the winding up of the season. Why Some Strikes Fall. Friendâ€"How’s business now, old boy 2 Bad as ever 2 I Manufacturer--N-o ; doing better than we were. Glad to hear that. You told me, some weeks ago, that your mills were running at a loss. No loss now :not a cent. Prices gone up l No. Men are on a strike. An Idea. Studentâ€"Professor, won’t you give me Professorâ€"Write about a student who and other decorations of all kinds from all want‘cdtc wriie an essay, and hadn't any [001008. idas. ____ A“... _.._.__.._.._.â€"â€"â€"â€"-â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"-â€"n