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it” I x! “on-b I in do MEDIUAL WORK. DISCOVERY or A 13002:. 700:. 3 YEARS OLD. THE' §‘:.uyf’l‘riuxslulion .!::-t Commend of III" l‘j‘bvrs Papyrus. an Egyptian Ihmli l'u- ,‘voted 10 nplfil'flil'.‘ of Han and ’l‘lu-Ir ; ('urcszlondinu knowledge of Marci-2:: {r “(-dlcu illapl yml. ’2’ For 2300_years Hippocrates of Kos has been knolvn to the world as the “Father of Medicine." This distinc- ,"‘ tion, however, has been wrested from the ancient Greek by the discovery ' and translation of an early Egyptian papyrus treating of the subject of medicine, with dalte so remote as al- most to place Hippocrates within the . ranks of modern physicians. English medical literature is about to be enriched by the translation of this payrus, generally admitted by Egypt‘ologists to be the oldest book devoted to the science of medicine ex- tant. Ll‘ho work is known to scien- tists as the Payrus Ebers, and is sup- posed to have been written during the reign olf Bicheres, a King of the fourth dynasty. 4088 to 4.660 3.0. Thus the original docurment is nearly 7000 years old and it contains the writ- ten genesis of the art of healing. .f‘hc document is carefully preserv- ed in the library 003 the University of Leipsic, and the English transla- tion Papyrus Ebers, a volume of several hundred pages will soon be ready for the press. 3Page 98 otf t’he Papyrus Ebers is deâ€" voted almost entirely to remedies for household ills. Its contents clearly in- dicate that the ancient Egyptian housewife was beset with cares simi- lar to those of the modern housekeep- er. It reveals likewise the fact that woman early made use of cosmetics. The remedy given for the falling out of the hair is ascribed to the mother of King Teta of the first dynasty. .f'o Egyptologists the story of the finding of Papyrus'Ebers possesses all the characteristics of a romance. In the winter of 1872â€"73 Georg Ebers, of Leipsic, and his friend, Ludwig Stern, spent several months at Thebes in quest of rare documents. For a time the two scientists made their dwellâ€" ing place in one 01f the tombs of Abdâ€" el-Gxurnah, and assooiated dily with the Arabs of Luxor. [A wealthy citil man of Luxor showed to Ebers the an- tiquities which be, little by little, had obtained from the fellah on the other side 01" the Nliile, andl at length re- vealed to him the fact that 'he was the possessor of a payrus obtained from the same source. zUpon close inspection of the papy- rus Ebers made tlhe startling diseov- ery that it was a document of great value and in an unusual condition of preservation. He longed to possess the document himself, but had not means to meet the demands of the owner, who was not altogether aware of its full value. HOWever, ‘ receiving the financial assistance of Max Gunther, a wealthy Englishman,'Ebers purchasâ€" ed the treasured papyrus and conveyed it to his home in Leipsic, there to study its contents at leisure. It was finally turned over to: the library of the University of Leipsic folr safe keeping. In order tol better preserve the valuable antiquity, it was cut int-o twenty-nine pieces and each piece plac- ed under a glass. According to the statement of the Egyptian possessor, Papyrus Ebers was found in a tomb in Uhe so-called Il Assassit, a part of the Necropolis of Thebes, reposin-g between the legs of a mummy. Since the finder of the papyrus was dead, it was impossible to refer to the exact tomb which for- merly contained the treasure. ithen Ebers came into possession of the papyrus, it consisted of a single, tightly rolled piece of the finest yel- lowâ€"brown papyrus. The width of the document was thirty centimeters, and the length of the written part 20.23 meters. No other papyrus known to 83868, although more clearly and morei Egyptologists is better preserved, and not a single letter 01f the document is missing. The text of this perfect ancient re- cord is divided into pages, each of which is numbered. The page num- bers are placed over the first line in the middle of each page and run from i to 110. Bingularly, the numbers 28 Ind 29 are missing, although the text continues uninterruptedly. The omisâ€" sion is explained on tlhe ground that the Egyptians considered 110 to be a perfect number, and'by this means the writer was enabled to complete his book with the required number of pages. Each page of the papyrus contains sither twenty-done or twentyâ€"two lines. WVith the exception of pages 3 to 21, which are considerably smaller, the pages are twentyâ€"two centimeters in width.’ The script in which the .pspyrus is written, is extraordinarily 520M ETHING QUITE NE\V ._~. ' . . '-.- ,‘I‘ 16‘3". "- .1: I .7." -' .. ' ’3 : ‘» -. . i - . A: -- 5 '- . ‘ . '- CEYLON GREEN TEA 8mm flavor as Japan, only more delicious regular, and is partly in black and partly in red ink. This form of writ- ing is known as the hieratic, and is one of the three forms used by. the ancient Egyptians. The others are the epistolographic and the hieroglyphic. The'exact date of‘the writing of the book of which Papyrus Ebers is a copy is not knoWn, but it is! believed that it dates back 00 4066 B. C. The document itself refers to‘the eigh- teenth dynasty in the sixteenth cen- tury B. C., but when the papyrus was unrolled, a calendar was discovered containing the following inscription: “In the ninth year of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt. . . . of the everlasting." Before the last epithet is the framed name of a king whose identity is still in doubt. Dumchen, a recognized au- thority on Egyptology, believes that the author of the calendar did not insert the name of the reigning King, but that of Bicheres, of the fourth dynasty, who reigned 1460 years ear- lier. Dr. von Klein is 'of the opinion that the calendar calls attention to the date of transcription and that the original was written much earlier. Egyptologists agree that between the twentyâ€"eighth and sixteenth centuries B.C., the practice of medicine was in the hands of witchcraft. During this period the law was so stringent that a person advancing a theory for the treatment of disease other than that established by the priests was put to death.’ Consequently the work, which bears the marks of the period of witchcraft, if written at all prior to “ the date named in the. calendar, must have been written at least 1200 years before. This makes it highly probable that the original book was written during the reign of Bicheres, or at least 40136 B.C. At all events, the copy of the papyrus is itself the oldest medical work extant and contains the historical genesis of medicine. 'A large proportion of the diseases ' known to modern medical science are carefully classified and their symp- toms minutely described by Papyrus Ebers. The prescriptions recom- mended are in many cases exactly this same as those. given at the present time.. The work mentions 700 differ- ent substances, the greater part of Which are taken frlom the vegetable kingdom. Some metals and a consid- erable number of animal extractions were also used. Qt the salts only na- tron, saltpeter, common salt and sea] tsalt are mentioned. .The use of such ingredients as lizard’s blood and pig’s teeth are in some cases recommended. 4 The discovery of Papyrus Ebers de- monstrated that the Egyptians as ear- ly as 3000 or 4000 years before Christ possessed an astonishing knowledge of la great variety of remedies, and that their learned men could make obser- vation of disease, combine complicated recipes and use them with judgment. According to this early writer there were three different classes of medi- cal practitioners in Egypt at the date of the manuscnipt,â€"-numely: The real physician, the surgeon and the con- jurers. The relative standing of the several classes is not known. :The origin of medicine is certainly to be looked for in the Valley of the Nile; and the Papynus Ebers opens ;a wide era {bar time- stludents of the i history of medicine and pharmacology. . The Egyptian physicians were well ad- :vanced in ophthalmolowy. The collec- ,tion of Hippocrates edited 4000 years Elater. did not contain more ey-e disâ€" :avgneeably described. The number of ,diseasas mentioned in the Papyrus Ebers, as Well as the profusion of me- dicines prescribed, is a source of won- : der to modern physicians. The ancient 'Egyptian pthysicians must have been experienced diagnosticians, who com- manded a knowledge of prophylactic and cosmetic remedies. ‘ (The Egyptian oculist was renown- ed. In the third book of Herodotus is the following passage: "Cyrus sent to Amasis, B.C., 500, and bade him for an oculist,â€"the best in the whole land of Egypt.” Darius also sent thither fior a body physician, and in the time of Tiberius and NleI‘O Egyptian physiâ€" cians regularly came to Rome, usual- ly to heal skin diseases. Hemdotus tells us that the Egyptian physicians were accustomed to practice special- ties and that the country was full of physicians. Some. confined their at- tention to diseases of the eye or head, others to the teeth, stomach and inâ€" testines. Greece, long supposed to be the birthplace of medicine. is now known to have derived its knowledge from the Egyptians Praxagoras, although from Kos, the town where Hippocrates was born and where the temple of Es- culapiius was built, lived in Egypt. He was the greatest sympomologist and diagnostician of this age. Hippo- crates also went to Egypt for his medical training, and on his return established a school of Greek physi- cians. Although the founder of the present system of pathology. his right to the title of " Father of Medicine," has been dissipated by the revelations contained in the Papyrus Ebers. a... -.-~ Weakness A woman’s reproductive organs are in the most in- tense and continuous sym- athy with her kidneys. he slightest disorder in the kidneys brings about a corresponding disease in the reproductive organs. Dodd’s Kiflne Pills, by re- storing the ki neys to their ' i , perfect condition, prevent and cure those fearful dis- : orders peculiar to women. j t Pale young girls, worn-out mothers, suffering wives and women entering upon ‘ the Change of Life, your 3 ‘ best friend is ! Dodd’s Kidney Pills AUTUllllN SMILES. M'hen a rman’s love grows cold, his wife can usually be depended upon to make it hot for him. 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