The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

2 THE COLBORNE EXPRESS, COLBORNE. ONT., THURSDAY, SEPT 8, 1921. Addrei Profit in Purebred Sires. The cash value of usi bred bull has been strikingly proved in an interesting experiment carried out last year by a farmer on the Pacific coast. He was able to show a difference in the selling price of $53.40 between two steers of the same age, out of the same kind of cows which had been reared side by side on the range and had been finished together in the same feed lot--a difference, according to his own statement in an American farm paper, due entirely to the influence of a pure-bred as against a scrub sire. The story of the experiment is thus briefly told in the words of the producer himself: "Both steers were calved in the spring of 1918, their dams being the quality of cows. They 12 per cent, more valuable than bran from a milk producing standpoint. In itself it has a fairly high fibre content. All through Eastern Canada, however, oats is a light crop and we will be forced to depend upon Western production. Wheat by-products should be fairly readily procurable. Oil cake and linseed by-products will be high in price, but will apparently be available fairly generally. Even at this high price it is doubtful if the feeder whose main desire is to cut down on roughage cannot afford to be without some linseed oil meal in the ration. With 10 lbs. of hay of fair quality, 4 to 5 lbs. of straw and depending on the age and condition of io the animal, a few pounds of a mixture kind and' i °f bran 2 parts, oats 2 parts, linseed put to-1 M'1 meal 1 part, production need not be The new U tariff is havini the live stock s .particularly i 50 per cent, and replace with some of the grain mixtures recommended. The man who does not take every possible step to hold over his stack, and who sacrifices his assets, will make an unqualified mistake True, it were distinctly better to dispose of, practically give away, a judiciously culled few, and winter the balance fairly well, than to stint all. Such a loss though immediate, may prove a blessing in disguise. After all, the '■ ope the: problem resolves itself into one of j in live stock at the distribution and control of supply, a pared with pre-question which may have to be handl-! only in sheep in ed by the province most affected. In j the decreases s Ontario, with not more than 10 per; 421,657, of s1 The World's Live Stock Situation. lited States protective a depressing effect or tuation in this country gards western prov- Making the Old Farm Well De New Tricks i. This situation, however, without hopeful signs; statistics | " gathered by the International Insti- y tute of Agriculture show that in Eur-j carrying of gh snow-choked paths on a freezing January day for the farmer, loaded down with immense pails cf water for the barn-drinking trough! No more the old pump tre: i 3 decreasi C 1920 com->, excepting In Britain ittle "blue Monday" for the The modern farme t being civilization's pint e-1 through the exhaust- gether in the fall of 1919 and fed to-1Iooked for> but the animal will be gether during the winter of 1919-1920.! maintained. Corn, from all mdica-They were turned into the same pas-1 tions, win be one of the heaviest crops ture in the spring of 1920 and put' ever recorded in the United States, into the same feed-lot on December j Tbis means that ground corn may 1st, 1920; they were then fed all the' enter largely into our Canadian ra-alfalfa hay they would eat until Jan-!tions- A mixture of 4 parts bran, 2 uary 15th, when about 20 lbs. of silage ! Parts corn, 2 Parts oats and 1 Part 011 ar. i 5 to 6 lbs. of corn were added. meal would be an excellent coneen-to their daily rations, until March Itrated substitute for a roughage. Even 20t'i, when they were shipped to bran and corn- as these concentrates Six ane for sale. The steer sired by I are likel>T to be the most easl,y pr0" a p-rebred bull weighed 1,410 lbs. and:cured, could be fed, 4 parts bran, -2 sold for 8c per lb., or $112.80. That' Parts corn- sired by a scrub bull weighed 990 lbs. I The use of straw--Where roughage and sold for 6c per lb., or $59.40, the is scarce, straw cannot be afforded as difference in the selling price of the, a bedding material, particularly oat two steers being $53.40." i staw. It must practically all be fed. A similar result demonstrated by ! The practice of feeding cattle entirely carloads was recently recorded on the' on straw is, of course, not economical, Chicago market. An Illinois feeder! hut the ruminant must have a certain shipped two carloads which he had fed amount of crude fibre. They should cent, of last year's crop held the form of low grade hay and with a 60 to 6fc per cent, normal crop this year there is no "bullish" movement to the hay market as yet. ! Of ( 8,617, of s lore the Were of c ,748, or about a fifth of th in the country in 1914. In Franre the decrease of cattle was 2,414,050, of sheep 7,140,400, or nearly fifty per cent, less than in 1914, of swine 2,-955,290, or 30 per cent, less than be-In Italy the decreases 400,259, of sheep 2,070,-yuu, and of swine 383,074, or a seventh of the whole. In Germany there were decreases of cattle 4,089,963, or more No colony house should have more than a flf[.h and of gwin8 11;g89>G43) than fifty chickens in it at one time. ;r near]y forty..five p,er cent_ Belgium More eggs, less feed and more. slrowed decreases of 557.213 cattle, money has been the result of culling; of 59;171 sheep_ and of 866)519 out the poor hens early. j foxing a decline of over thirty per A ragged bird that has just begun cmt_ in both cattle and £iheep and -to molt should not be culled now just m,ore than 50 per cent_ in swme_ t> because she is not laying. | oniy the countries that participated Head lice on chickens or turkeysfce war show d&creaSies but every can be killed by rubbing on a little j ^untry ;n Europe, excepting only camphorated oil. I Spain and Portugal, is in the Keeping young roosters after they; position. Thus Denmark show: weigh five pounds to the pair is a dine of e0 per cent_ m gwi] waste of food, for after their combs (th,e Netherlands 65 per cent., grow they are classified in market as ,being Canada's principal competitors since weaning, one carload the progeny of a purebred bull, the other pur-Chased in his immediate vicinity. Throughout the animals were fed and grazed together. The load of his own breeding weighed 1,365 lbs., while the purchased load weighed 938 lbs. spread in price was 75c per cwt., while the total difference per head was $42.91, a result solely to_be credited to the purebred sire. How Can We Meet the Shortage of Hay and Straw. The general crop situation in Ontario during the present season indicates the necessity of radical changes in the feeding of roughage this winter. How may roughage be saved? What are the substitutes, if any? It has been shown that live stock may be maintained on a ration of concentrates. This is neither practical, economical, nor necessary, however. In very brief form the situation may be approached under the following headings. Care in feeding--Possibly in 75 per cent, of our live stock farms hay and straw have been overfed. With the mows full and hay cheap, our live stock have been asked to obtain the nutrients necessary for their maintenance and growth by handling large quantities of crude fibre with a comparatively small percentage of nutrients. Under these particular conditions they have come through the winter at least fairly well. With hay and I further improved straw at a premium, however, the Molasses--A straight comparison of question arises to what extent can ] molasses with such feeds as bran, oats, roughage be cut out of the ration of; shorts, corn meal, etc., shows the fact the horse or cow and substituted with ' that molasses has a comparatively low other feeds which are procurable. Very | feeding value. It is true that the fe ,y feeders have ever had occasion to [ sugars are of considerable value from weigh the hay which they are feeding; their carbohydrate nature. However, thi r live stock. The manger is filled f as a conditioner or as an agent to «-"..! the operation repeated. When it render other feeds more palatable, and is 'onsidered that the standard re- j on top of this, with the very fair feed-oon lendation for the feeding of hay j ing value in the feed itself, molasses to horses is at the rate of 1 lb. to: could be highly recommended to feed every 100 lbs. of live weight, it will j either mixed with cut feeds, distri-be appreciated that many horses have,! buted in the undiluted form over hay in the past, eaten hay for their own ] or straw, or diluted with water and amusement only. When it is realized ' sprinkled by the use of a watering can that 8 or 9 lbs. of good clover hay j over the feed in the mangers. It is a and 4 or 5 lbs. of oat straw is all j.wonderful relish and the use of com-the roughage needed for the milking j paratively small quantities of it is cow supplied with a well balanced j easily seen in the better condition of; meal mixture and ensilage it will be j cattle. Apparently the feeding grades' evident that hay is in 'the very great: of molasses will be fairly readily pro-! majority of cases overfed to cattle, curable, particularly in the Maritime1 Even for the producing dairy herd J Provinces. Prices will b§ very con-where no other roughage appears in siderably lower than have applied the ration and where it is supplement- kyithin the last few years and the ed only by concentrates the very limit | comparatively small quantity that I of hay that would be required would j would be required would be such as! be 20 Lbs. daily with say 8 or 9 lbs. to force the use of this material not, however, be asked to obtain their energy from the comparatively low percentage of nutrients contained straw. Nevertheless, with some grain or concentrates supplied, straw forms an excellent crude fibre filler and order that the digestive and excretory organs may function properly, straw may be made to take the place of much more valuable roughage. I safe to say that there will be 1 little bedding wasted this wintei many parts of the East. Sawdust and shavings are available in many places. There is no reason why considerable bedding material might not be gathered in the form of leaves in the fail. They have been utilized in the past. The advisability of cutting hay and straw and of mixed feeds--By ' ing the labor of feeding in the cutting of roughage and by mixing say cut hay, cut straw, and whatever meal is being fed, there is little doubt that i considerable saving of roughage may be secured. Less energy is required to masticate, digest and assimilate this cut feed, and where it is mixed the paiatability is bettered or at least averaged. Under normal feeding practice the advisability of cutting roughage is doubtful in that the cow is fitted by nature to do this work herself. However, this winter the object save roughage and the farmer who has facilities for cutting the will find a result in saving. Can the feeding value of such a mixture 'old roosters," which bring considerably less in price. Do not overcrowd. A great many farm poultry keepers in their enthusiasm for making money attempt to keep twice as many birds as they hav room for and, by overcrowding, almost entirely cut off the production ter eggs. Each bird should have about three square feet of floor space ir. the house. Either build more houses market the extra birds before winter Corner nests save room, and, being semi-dark, hens prefer them. They can be built in any style desired-have solid walls, or they may be made slatted, with plastering lath, latter plan might be preferabh most climates, as the air could enter them more freely. The opening to the lower nest should be about three inches from the floor. A perching board had best be erected for the hen to alight on in flying up to the top hog products. Returns fi sia and Austria for obvious are not given, but Czecho-Slovakia shows a decline of 30 per cent, in eat-<te' and nearly 55 per cent, in The United States si of close upon 17 per cent, in cattle, loss of nearly 10 per cent, in shee and a gain of over 12 per cent.\ Arine. Robber Bees. He Got One. Uncle--"You ought to be ashamed •ef yourself, Tommy. See what a lot of prizes your sister has got, and you haven't even earned a certificate." "Oh, but I got a certificate once, uncle," said Tommy. ^ "Indeed! What for, I should like to "For being born." "Barnyard goif links" are a pret sure sign of a happy farm or co: munity. Pitching horseshoes is a o hundred per cent. Canadian sport. • During a honey dearth while the Weather is still warm, the bae-ke sfiould in all his work carefully a.void anything that will excite rob-for robber-bees are a constant inoyance and danger in the apiary, that have nothing else to do in weather will readily yield to any ;ptation to obtain honey in this After more or less fighting they overpower any very weak colon-especially those that have lost eir queen, and will carry the honey their own hives. Robbing is fre-ntly started by the carelessness of bee-keeper during manipulation, especially when removing the honey. In dealing with this subject in Bulletin No. 26, Second Series, available at the Publications Branch of the. De-"■jJCnicnt of Agriculture, Ottawa, the JPiTninion Apiarist points out that to prevent robbing, mo colony should be allowed to grow weak and no honey or syrup should be exposed in the apiary. If robbing has begun, the attacked colonies should have a bunch of wet grass or weeds thrown over the entrance. Hives should be opened as little as possible, and then only dur- Simple Methods of Preserving Vegetables of oat straw and this for the cow that . is being held over for better times, and . this will describe the situation in many districts that cutting down the quantities used in past feeding practice a full 50 per cent, and substituting with a few pounds of meal would not only effect a great saving in roughage, but incidentally would bring . the cattle in question through in as good or better shape than had been the case where roughage was fed in unlimited quantities. More silage and roots--In many sections cf Ontario particularly, hay may be substituted by the ensilage and roots. Where succulent I in feeding hay and straw. Weights roughages such as the foregoing are and quantities are difficult matters to I available the quantity of hay fed may i juggle with when speaking in a gen-j be cut to the very minimum. These eral way. The eye of the feeder is, i feeds will, however, not be available after all, of proverbial merit. More to any great extent in many parts ofjor less experimentation will be re-Quebec and the greater part of the j quired by the individual feeders in' Maritime Provinces according to cutting down little by little the rough-1 I present indications. age which he has been accustomed to! Meal substitutes--To replace one- j feed and replacing it by minimum I half of the ration where dry roughage | quantities of concentrated or grain! has been calculated to form the whole! rations. If hay continues to increase! ration of the cow, oats, bran and oil ] in price and if grains and concentrates I cake are particularly to be recom-! do not rise too quickly, it would acta- j mend*d. Oats in itself is from 10 to ; ally be cheaper to cut down roughage the consideration of live stock feeders, wherever it may be procured. The value of chaff and leaves--In: the past considerable quantities of the most valuable part of^the plant havej been wasted in the form of chaff,1 leaves, etc. These accumulate on the' barn floors and too often find their] way to the manure pile or barnyard; direct. They must, of course, reach: the barnyard by way of the manger.; In general it is difficult to offer a recommendation where such a wide! variety of cases and conditions arise, j The main advice to be given, in con-! I elusion, is after all extreme economy While many garden vegetabh be stored in a well constructed cellar for use during the winter and spring months, there are advantages in preserving some of them in crocks, hot ties, and other containers. A simpli method of preserving vegetables by fermentation and salting is described in Bulletin 93 of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa. Such containers old kegs, butter tubs or stone crocks may be used. The preservation may be carried out either by salting without fermentation, fermentation with dry salting, and fermentation in brine. Salting Without Fermentation. The vegetables best suited for salting without fermentation are spinach, string beans, green peas, corn and cabbage. The vegetables are washed, the water drained off, and the vegetables weighed. The best results are obtained by using 25 lbs. of salt to every 100 lbs. of vegetables. Spread a layer of the vegetables one inch deep in the bottom of the crock and sprinkle with salt, being careful to distribute the salt evenly. Continue making alternate layers of vegetables and salt until the crock is nearly full, Cover with a piece of cotton or a double thickness of cheesecloth. Over this put a plate or a piece of board and a weight. A clean brick or stone may be used as a weight. The container should new be set aside in a cool place. If at the end of 24 hours the salt and the pressure on the vegetables have not extracted brine enough to cover, add a brine made by dissolving 1 pound of salt 2 quarts of water. Enough brine should be added to come above the plate or board. Set aside in a place where it will not be disturbed and cover with hot paraffin wax. Beans should be cut in two-inch pieces; peas should be shelled; while corn should be cooked for ten minutes to set the milk, after which it is cut off the cob with a sharp knife. It has been found that in preparing salted beans for the table, it is much better to soak the beans for two hours n the morning, changing the water several times, and also changing the water while cooking, rather than to allow them to soak over night, as long soaking softens the beans. Fermentation With Dry Salting. In preparing vegetables for fermentation with dry salting, the vegetables are washed, drained and weighed. U: about 3 lbs. of salt for 100 lbs. of vegetables. No water is necessary, because the salt extracts the necessary moisture from the vegetables. Cabbage, string beans, and beet tops may be treated in this way. Spread a layer of vegetables one inch thick in the bottom of the crock, covering with a very thin layer of salt, being careful to distribute the salt evenly. If more salt has to be added the finished product will be too salty. Fill the crock only three-qauters full, placing a cloth over the top, then a plate turned upside down or a piece of clean board, and a weight. A ten-pound weight is sufficient fcr a five-gallon crock. The container should be allowed to stand in a warm room for from eight to ten days. When bubbles of gas Cease to appear the fermentation is complete. A layer of hot paraffin wax, about tine-half inch thick, is poured over the top to prevent a scum forming. It is very important that the wax should not be added before the fermentation peases: ■ . Fermentation in Brine. I Cucumbers, string beans, green tomatoes, beets, peas, and corn may all be preserved in brine. Wash the vegetables, drain off the water, and pack jn a crock until nearly full. Prepare a weak brine, using one-half a- pint of Vinegar and three-fourths of a cup of salt to each gallon of water. If a five-gallon creek is used, two and one-half gallons of brine will be necessary. This must be covered with a cloth, a piece of clean board or a plate, and a weight. The containers must be left in a warm place until the fermentation has ceased and then taken to a cool place, where it will not be disturbed after covering wltn hot paraffin wax. When salting cucumbers, a layer of dill and a handful cf mixed spice may be placed on the bottom and top of the crock. Green tomatoes may also be prepared with dill and spice3. Beets should not be peeled or sliced before being fermented cr they will lose their and flavor. Fermented com may >ed in the preparation of such dishes as chowders or omelets, where the acid taste may not be objectionable, as it might be to some people if were eaten alone. The expansion of the air in the trap, fter each discharge of the pump, ex-rts enough pressure on the water in ie trap to secure a constant flow rom the faucets. Not even a city farmer's water-system could maintain a stead-r pressure on it3 pipes. If the farmhouse has a cistern, a drudge, Lsecond pump w;th pipe attachments a,m uire of the oustandmg signs of his! may be slm,k into it> with a gpecial revolt is his determination to have an: air.traPi while the-same engine, air-up-to-date water system on his farm.; tank and compressor that supply the Heretofore, the storage tank has hard-water faucets will provide soft found favor in various quarters as ajwater for iaun.(jry and bathroom uur-suecessor to the old-fashioned, back-jpose3, With equal faciHty water may breaking, pump-and-pail method.'be piped to the farm buildings from Users of the storage tank, however, ja spring, ]ake or a running stream, find that its water supply is not fresh, | If a ga3i0rjne emjme js use(j( an but stale and brackish and at times . automatic cut-off is provided to stop contaminated with deposits of slime j ;t when the proper pressure is reach-and rust. j ed. Thus the farm owner may start One of the best systems available the engine and leave it, secure in know-for farm use to-day discards the stor-: in;, that there is no chance cf tha age tank altogether and substitutes an ajr tank's becoming overcompressed. air tank and an air-operated pump | The advantages of this system are submerged in the well. Tho ether es-; almost endless. With an hourly essentials of the equipment are an air-' pacify of 300 gallons at a total lift compressor, an air-trap, and an engine 0f seventy-five feet and 200 gallons or motor to supply the power. The at a lift of 150 feet, is there anything first advantage of this system appears a man Can not do with it? Besides in the process of installing it; the saving unlimited time and strength, it engine, air tank and connecting ap- insures an inexhaustible supply of paratus may be located in any con- fresh drinking water, free from convenient place about the farm build- j tact with the -epen air and dirt, not ings, and the owner is saved the ex-, only for the family but for the stock, pense of building a pump house or It makes possible the more frequent digging a pit in which to bury a tank, watering of dairy cows than under the as is necessary in many storage-tank old systems, also the indoor watering systems. Often he finds an outbuild- j which wise farmers prize highly. It ing the best location if he wants to brings water of just the right temper-get double use from his gasoline en- ature, thus encouraging the cows to gine in operating other farm ma- drink all they need and increasing the chinery. A good place is the base-! milk output to a surprising cegree. ment of the farmhouse, from which j The system furnishes plenty of pipes can easily be run to the kitchen 1 water to sprinkle the farm lawn and and bathroom upstairs, as well as to garden and to keep the housewife's hydrants in the yard and the stable, flower beds flourishing. Owners of A gasoline engine or^ electric motor "show country places" may even operates the air-compressor by means ' gratify their cravings for a lily pool of a belt. The compressor sends the or a fountain, if their water-supply air in the tank through a galvanized warrants it. iron pipe into the well, driving it into | The farm owner need not be afraid the pump, which is submerged at least that the system will monopolize his six feet below the surface of the; gasoline engine. In fact, he may use water. Besides the air-pipe leading the engine at the same time to furnish into the pump, an air exhaust-pipe1 electric lights, grind feed and separ-leads out of it, also a water discharge-: ate milk, thus considerably reducing pipe which connects with the air-trap : the cost of his water-supply. All of and the faucets. The pressure of the which means that the pump-and-air-air, driven by the compressor, forces tank system loses no time in paying the water downward in the pump ] for itself, cylinder and upward again through j There is the water discharge-pipe. As it travels farm home out of the well to the air-trap and the e faucets, the a no best water-system for i, but there are many good i gas engine or into the upper electricity should have running v ing the hour before sunset, or early in the morning, or under a net tent. It is advisable, after the honey flow is ended, to contract the entrances of all hives. One can tell if a colony is being robbed by seeing the robbers enter hurriedly with the abdomen contracted and leave with the addomen distended, flying straight home. Destroy weeds won't get i ' spring. : fall and they The fall hotbed will supply the table with a few fresh vegetables during the late fall and early winter. Select the warmest and sunniest spot in the garden, where water never stands, and put the hotbed there. Dig a pit from fifteen to eighteen inches deep, six feet wide, and as long as the hotbed is to be. Let the pit extend east and west. Build a frame around the pit, preferably of two-inch boards for a chance to grow next! permanent structure, having the rear or north wall fifteen inches high and the south wall eight inches above the margin of the pit. Bank part of the, excavated soil around the outside of the frame, to give additional protection. Fill the pit with fresh strawy A few minutes given at a definite stable maTmTe to a d«Pth of fifteen ich day will keep a record of inches ^teT * 18 Packed; d'own by the farm business; and'with accurate tramping. Above this, place four figures at the end of the season a inches of rlch ^arden so1'1' m wmch man can see at a glance where he is Itbe seeds are to be sown. eighborhood without a ise is like a family a ithout making money and where he i ing it. los-i A septic tank may save your life. The Welfare of the Home Dealing With the Angry Child--By Jennie S. Clcugh. Of the many problems which con-1 uncontrollable, and it is impossible to front a mother, one of the hardest is talk with him, put him by hims ! that of meeting in the wisest way thei until he is more calm. While he is .1 undesirable traits that appear in chil- a temper be careful not to leave him dren. In dealing with these problems j where he can break or destroy any- ning ar Often his outburst i storm, the thunder and light-; tremendous while they last, but are soon over. Then, just as soon as possible, divert the child, get him interested and busy about something. A much harder type of child to deal with and one that tries our patience more, is the sullen child. He makes no outlet for himself like the angry child who vents his tempi two great helps.. First, of humor. If a child comes down to breakfast sullen and bad-tempered, make some little joke, it helps to clarify the atmosphere. I don't mean laugh at the child, that only adds fuel to the fire; but do some amusing thing, or tell a funny story and you will make the clouds vanish like magic. Parents who appreciate fun and who are the real companions of their little ones have the happiest ] and passionate talk. His bad temper and most affectionate children. Bit works all on the inside. He broods most important of ail is grace. Grace j over the trouble, distorting and en-is that lovely, loving spirit which, no; Jarging it by dwelling upon it. He matter how trying the children, are,: usually refuses comfort or sympathy -cannot be disturbed. We cannot have land seems be enjoy shutting himself this of ourselves, it is the gift of God. J away from everyone. He is usually a He says, "My grace is sufficient for, sensitive child--shy, lacking confi-thee," so, when the children are noisy denee in himself, inclined to dwell and naughty and our nerves seem just upon himself too much. What can we about in pieces, let us say this over, do with such a child ? He won't talk and over mentally and we shall be . the trouble cut, like the high-tempered surprised at the peace and quietness child, and it is unwise to put him by ithin our&elv Granted that we have s tion to help our children their faults. Often children are cross and naughty because they are overtired, over-excited or hungry. We must be sure that their naughtiness does not come from some physical reason that we can help. If a child is. in a bad temper the first th;:mg to do is to quiet him. How? By being very quiet ourselves, but very firm, letting him see cur strength and poise and then trying to find out what has stirred him. By our talking it over with him and letting him pour it out, his nerves will be freed and he will have an outlet for his passion. If he seems himself ed child, busy about. you would the high-temper- lethin ) be ic.essary for him than for any other type of child, for we must get him out of himself. If possible, have him work where he will have the companionship of his brothers and sisters, or perhaps he can help you in what you are doing. Work is a blessing for most persons, but for no one more than for the child who is inclined to live his little life insido of himself. This type of child is usually reserved and takes things hard, but to the few people he loves he gives a wealth of affection and loyalty and usually he has a deep, slrong nature which is sincere and tru"