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Ellie Earth commtr Published by Canadian Newspapers Ltd is Hayfield street Barrie Ontario non FOLK THURSDAY mo EDITORIAL Procedure For Electing The President 01 United States The oflice of President of the United States of America has long been one of great power and influence Events in recent years particularly have com bined to extend the direct eiiects of the Presidents Influence to every corner of the earth In these uneasy times Cana dians and people in other countries will naturallypfollow this years presi dential election with keen interest but to many the mechanics of the United States electoral procedure are soma thing of mystery recent issue of The Bank or Mont ral Review describes the sequence of events that occur every four years and which culminate in the election of the Chief Executive of the United States of America in order to assist readers in foil ing developments in this presi dental election year It is important to bear in mind from the outset that in 1060 the President will be elected not directly by some 115 million United States citizens of voting age nor by the 05 million or more expected to go to the polls but 537 persons who though they never durc of the slate of Electors from each state voting en bloc the successful can didate need not receive majority of the national popular Votes in order to obtain majority of the electoral votes There have been several minority presidents in American history For ex ample in 1888 Harrison received 100 000 fewer popular vote than Cleveland but 05 more electoral votes The most recent occurrence this was in 1948 when Mr Truman received lust under 50 per cent of the popular votes but secured 57 per cent of the votes of the Electoral College Prior to and during the sequence of events described above there are other stages in choosing the President notl ably the primaries the national con ventions and the campalgn Presidential primary elections emerg ed shortly after the beginning of this century Like other features of the American election system these prim aries are in effect largely controlled at the state level by party organizations and regulated by state legislation In about onethird of the states party Voin eet as body areknown as the Elec toral College The Constitution of the United States provides for this method of electing the President whereby each state appolnts number of Electors equal to the mar number of Senators and Representa tives which the state sends to Congress Atpresent there are 437 Representa tives and 100 senators in Congress thus there will be 537 members or the Electoral College with 269 electoral votes required for presidential candl date to achieve victory Since 1789 the method of choosing these Electors has changed largely as result 01 the evolution of political par ties In practice state legislatures have directed that the Electors be chosen by popular vote within the state The slates of candidates for Electors are now nominated through various pro cedures by the party organizations within each state When voter goes to the polls on Election Day he does not vote for just one Elector Instead he in dicates on the ballot which slate of Electors within his state he wishes to support Asimple majority otthe mm is votes cast in state will carry all that states electoral voteser the can didate of one party Athough the name of the winning presidential candidate is usually known bythe end of Election Day he is not then legally elected The number of electoral votes by state in 1960 are arranged in order of mag nitude New York State for instance has 45 Electors since it Is entitled to elect 43 Representatives and Senators to the United States Congress Since even the six states with the smallest population have two Senators and one Represen tative apiece the minimum number of electoral votes to which each mte is entitled is three Those chosen Electors by popular vote meet on the first Monday after thesec andWednesday in December in their respectivestates to cast their ballots for President and for VicePresident The Constitution requires thatxeach Elector must vote for at least one presi dential or vicepresidential candidate who is not resident of the Electors state Certified copies of the Electors ballots are mailed to the President of the Senate and to various other oflic ials Early in January the Senate and the House of Representatives will sit as one body to witness the counting of the ballots and the candidate who ob tains 269 or more electoral votes will be legally elected President of the United States If no candidate for President should receive majority of theelec to to the House of Representatives aconstitutional provision that has been used only once in 1824 It is customaryalthough not con stitutlonally required for each slate of Electors to vote en bloc for the presi dential candidate nominated by the1 national convention of itspar=ty and since 1820 only six Electors have failed to vote forthe candidate whom they had been pledged to support The most recent deviationwas in 1956 when one AlabamaEiector refused to vote for the Democratic candidate As result of the traditional pr Elle dame Examiner Authorized asremml class than Port GUIDE Department Ottawa Dslly Sundays and Statutory Holldayr excepted WALLS Publisher and General Manager oHAans wanna Bullpen Manner NEVILLE Barman Mangin Editor nunnnr sunrnn Advertising Manager JOHN nonnnn Circulation Manager subscription rate daily by carrier1304 week 1500 year Single copy 50 By mu Cling 500 year $350 six months $200 three months 01 month Outside Causal $700 year Officer 425 University Arm Toronto 040 Lb street Montreal 1125 west Georgia Street Varlavage Member of the Canadian Daily News el Ushers Assonlltlon The Canadian Pres Pand Prue Audit bureau of circulations The Canadian Pres is exclusively entitled to tho use for rapuallcutloh of all news dis etched in all aper credited to it hr The Am sted mu beaten and also the local newapubitrhcdtbereils All rights of upuhlleatlnnof hexam arc ma reserved Telephone Num an Editorial Advertising Ind Bullpen PArkway m7 wm Ad PAikwAy cure hufiealawwk votes the election would be 19 special dlspatchel ersarrglventhe opportunity tochoosc delegates to the national nominating conventions and in some states to ex press their preference among party as pirants for presidential nomination The results of these direct primaries do not as rule influence the decisions of the national conventions as much as they affect the choice of partycandi dates for state and local offices The national party nominating con ventions first held in the 1830s have evolved outside the United States Con stitution The size of each delegation fluctuates from conventionto conven tion but is weighted roughly according to the population and the nuniber 11 party supporters in each state The se lection of delegates and alternates is made by state party organizations through the use of primariesas men tioned above or by other means such as state conventions The three main purposes of national convention are to write the party plat fonn to organize the party for the election campaign to follow and most important to choose the partys presi dential candidate It is on this last item of business that the attention of some 4000 delegates and the public is centred in July of presidentialelection year The Constitution requires only that the President the United States shall be naturabborn citizen at least 35 years of age and resident within the United States for 14 years It goes with out saying however that the personal andpolitical requirements for presi dential candidate are many and varied Apart from the obvious criteria of char acter and ability it is perhaps signifi cant that with one or two notable ex ceptions ertain traditional back ground qualifications appear to apply For instance of the tenpresidential candidates elected since 1900 it is note worthy that eight have been Governors or Senators and six have hailed from states With more than 20 Electoral Col lege votes Usually by the third day the national convention has completed its other busi ness and takes up its principal task the nomination of presidential and vice presidentlal candidates The secretary of theconvention begins roll call of states to place names in nomination Often estate listed at the beginning of the alphabet will yield its nominating position to state listedlater so that candidate may havethe adyantage of being nominated by key state early in theproceedings The qualifications of each candidate are extolled in the nominating and seconding speeches and these speeches are often followed by noisy colourful demonstrations This procedure frequently lengthy is fol lowed by second roll call by state when delegations cast their votes for particular candidates When there are number of candidates it may beyiec essary to take several roll calls of the states on the convention floor often dramatic procedure untilione can didate achieves majority of the votes As rule state delegations vote as unit although delegates from many states are free to vote as individuals iTherules covering the Republican and Democratic national conventions differ considerably but both nowue quire simple majority of the dele gates votes to select presidential can didate The American voter has an unusually heavy responsibility on Election Day Not only does he choose the Electors for President and VicePresident but he also votes for his Representative to Con gress often for Senator and usually for number of state ofliclais The bal lot which he uses to record these choices may include over 100 names and maybe over 500 square inches in size The voting machine which wasintro ducsd in New York State in 1892 is now used in mber of states and facili tates the recording and counting of votes Unlike Canadian ballots Ameri can ballots usually carry political party designations in the form of symbol or partyname Like most other regulations governing elections in the United states the type of ballot used is de termined by each state MYlEPTSIDE IS luv BEST Ollli umvrasr OTTlIWli REPORT Time Government Blew The Trumpet By PATRICK The ultimate sanction known in mankindthe compleio boy cott of husbands by their wives lraa been threatened on air bases in Ottawa unless the gov ernment immediately grants pay increases to servicemen This situation was the plot of famous comedy written in am cicnt Ghee it was modernized in novel by the wellknown Scottish writer Eric Linklaler But it has fallen lo the wives of Canadian airmen to convert this plot into real life tragedy No more housework no cook ing no looking after children not even any lov was how one of group of gt dozen service wivessummed up their boycott This storm in married quar tels provides sidellgbt on littleknown facet of our national life and on the political field it gives us yet another example of one of he most glaring defici encies of the Dlefebbaker gov ernment ALL TREATEDALIKE Traditionally and reasonably all employees paid by the tax payer enjoy the benefit of pay review and adjustment at about the same time pay increase for Canadas 200000 civil serv anis is quickly followed by sec ond announcement giving pay limited So while the Dlefen baker ovaamen really do serve praise for attempting to do more thorough and more fair job than its predecessor it is undeservediy being aliiclzed This is yet anoibcrerampls of the catastrophic failure of tbu whole public relations achinery of this government which has slumbedrteadliy in public sp proval as result of series of such episodes WE ALL LOVE SAILOR The position of Canadas serv icemen is not widely known to their employers the taxpayers They are up must counts the most favored fighting men in his i011 To start with they are exclus ively volunteers situation not enjoyedby our neighbours and almost unique in the NATO al liance To go on with their con ditions of service are enviable For example even when minted for three years on foreign front iine defence their wiva and children accompany them at the taxpayers expense Their pay scales are the sec ond highest in history throughout the world An unskilled recruit starts at $104 per month in ud dillnu to receiving free his food accommodation medical re and uniform His technical skills PROPItE Plili Earths Neighbourhpbd This Is one or Series of articles by Mr Macaulay dealing with sources of ener gy and their application in the past the present and the future By HON MACAULAY QC Minister Energy Resources Earth lives in neighbourhood about 7000000000 miles across lnbablted by one Sun nine plan ets 31 means over 1500 aster oids thousands of comets and billions of meteors All of these circle around the Sun under the command of its iron discipline MERCURY is small planet closest to the Sun with no life on it Its surface temperature ranglt as from 260 degrees below to 000 degrees above The temper ature range of the average bridegroom One side always faces the Sun VENUS is about the size of earth its temperature may be as high as 500 degrees and is covered in dense clouds of un known composition Some writ ers suggest it is carbon dioxide As with Mercury there is no life on Venus Scientists would prefer to say liker there is no life judging by our present lmow ledge of the planet EARTH the third planetilr tbsfamily The seriesof articles started with an article about earth so we will pause but briefly Seen from afar the earth would appear very blue due to its atmosphere The earth would not appear veryclear due to at mospheric haze buttbe lights af its brightest cities might be dis tibguished by powerful telescop= es The earths moon wouldap pear yellow and the Suns reflee tion would be mirrored very brightly by the oceans it would be easy to see the clouds which develop and dispel and to follow the creation and path of the cyclones There is likely no animal life on Mars and Men from Mars are indeed unlikely Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in the Solar System it takes 12 years to circle the Sun hours so that its dayds that Jupiter revolves once every 10 away from the Sun and its dis lung Jupiter is 403000000 miles away from the Sun and its dis lance from earth ranges from 390000000 miles to 575000000 miles It has great red spot about 20000 miles long on its surface The surface is streaked with dark and light lines which are probably cloud formations The shape of lu iter is flut at its pales caused lzy the speed with which its rotate at about 21000 miles per hour at the equator Jupitenlias 12 moons some of which revolve around Jupiter at 60000 miles per hour and can easily be seen with field glasses The temperature is 000 de grees below zero and the ab musph re is ammonia and meth ane esas well as hydrogen gas SATURN is the sixth planet it is visible to the naked eye but is fainter due to its great distance $6000000 miles from the Sun Saturn takes 20 years to go around the Sun Saturn has halo of rings ciro ling it first seen by Gaill eo These rings are composed of debriswlucb may never have formed into moon The rings extend out about 175000 miles andare about 10 miles thick it was once suggested that they may be what is left of moon which has been split asunder by Saturns gravitation Same last rouomers say the rings are com posed of ice particles Saturn has nine moons one of which is larger than our moon and has an atmosphere The atmosphere of Saturn is hydrogen methane and ammon ia and its temperature is about The earth 100 like it mightdm degrees below alid 250 de be compatible to life and might be interesting to visit sometime if we can get there before is inhabitants blow it up MARS is the fourth pinet out from the Sun it is 1A the slze of the earth It takes nearly two yearaio go around the Sun and it has noticably elliptical or bit Snmetimes it isapproximat ely 85000000 miles away from the earth sometimes 214000000 mile Mars is edVd fiflolqur whichlikely means vast desert areas There are traces of green which maybe primitive vegeta tion such as lichens There are polar capsat bothjfol which are larger in winter than sum rtie they may be frost and not rs atmosphere contains carbon dioxide and itmay also possess nitrogen and There are some traces of water but no free oxygen has been de tected ALL the water on Mars wouldnt fill Lake Erie The tem perature although not as satis factory as that on earth is moderate 50 degrees dropping sharply at night to 100 degrees below zero The lines oanars called cau als arel mostcertaiuiy not cam als but whattiley are cannot be said Marsphas two moons one of which is 10 miles in dia rnaterl the other five miles The inner moon revolves so fast that it goes around Mars threetimes in Martian day Mars rotates once day and therefore day on Marsiasts 24 hours Mars gravity is about 10 of hot of earth so that person weighing 100 lbs on earth wouldwalgh 00 lbs on Mars us grees below zero Saturn is lighter than water and would float like cork in water Like Jupiter it is probab ly mostly frozen hydrogen an helium There surely can Saturn URANUS is the seventh planet it can be seen by naked eye but be no menu only under must favourable con diLloas It was discovered by ac dent in 1781 It is aiplauet about four times the diameter of earth and the gravity pull is con siderubly strange It takes Ur anus 84 years to goaround the Sun 0nceJndJLSEIDLonjtSleS once in 11 hours that is at speed 000500 miles an hourat the equator Thetemperature is about 300 degrees below zero The at mospliere mostly hydrogen with some methane and ammon ia There is probably dense core in the centre of the planet then thousands of miles of froz enhydrogen helium and other gases andthen thick atmos phere Uranus is the only planet that can be said to rotate clock wrse as seen from its north pole The planet nearly lies on its side Uranus has five muons which move perpendicular to the plane of thelorbit the axis There ls again surel no lif Uran NEPTUNE is the eighth plan et Neptune was discovered in 1046 when Uranus low predicted orbit It was roa lized that it must be affected gravitationally by another un seen planet in looking for the card as beingrom been able to ascertain were verywell behaved But unfitlo our Hires armed serv ices and lo the RCMP But this Year the second boost covered the RCMP only it is wellknown here that cab incl and treasury board are mak ing very searching survey of the complicated pay structure of our army navy and air force This scale provides increases in pay for higher rank for greater month extra promotion based on character can add $175 per month long service can add up to $32 per month if he gets mar ried he receives bonus of $30 per month bonus unknown in industry if he live out of bar racls he receives up to $102 per month in lieu of his bed and ro tions If he is commissioned as location astronomers found Wéhnicul Skill and 101 longer an office he an at Neptung is over three times service The present government 319999 Y0 Chi of staff the diameter of earth and much heavier with stronger gravity pull than the earth It was Nepi tube which was pulling Uranus out of its predicted orbit Neptune takes 165 years to go around the Sun and it rotates once every 16 hours The composition and atmos phere of Neptune is probably similar to that of Uranus des cribed above The temperature is 330 degrees below zero The Sun from Neptune would look only like very bright pea in the sky but its light on Nep tune wouid be much brighter than our moon light on earth Neptune has two moons One of them is larger than our moon There is surely no life on Nep tune PLUfo Pluto was found in 1930 in somewhat the same way as was Neptune Pluto is in al most outer darkness In fact it is so far away it cannot be ac curately measured it is thought to be less than 12 the diameter of the earth and may well be at temperature over 400 degreu below zero Pluto takes 248 years to circle the Sun once Plutos orbit is highly elliptical and cuts inside that of Neptune Pluto rotates every days PLUTO is probably too light tohold an atmosphere of any account It has no moons These ihen are fhenine plan els of the Solar System One pos sesses plant and animal life and one other may possess some low plant life but it is doubtful if any of the others do But this is no real waste of planets because there are prob ably billions of other planets in the universe perhaps billions of suns have planet which is like earth perhaps better WAS OLDEST PENSIDNER VANCOUVER CF Rev Oliver Darwin Canadas oldest church pensioner died Tuesday at the age of 100 He served in the Methodist church LETTERS To FEELS HIGH SCHOOL BOARD HAS WRONG IDEA 29 Davidson Steet Barrie Oct 13 1900 Sir would like to go on re pleter fed up with our high school board and officials and their sanciimonious holierihanthou attitude They seem to have no knowledge whatsoever offlteenagers and their problems live across the street from lortlr Collegiate where the Tud hope Meet was held this year Willi all the hundreds of cars that were there that day did not see one careless driver ihere is more of that on regular school days One member of the board condemns the whole group of young people for the activities of small group That seems to be the general attitude today to ward all teauagcrs Why was here no supervised dance for them following the meet Instead great many went out into the country to public dance hall which was absolutely uacbaperoued personally know several who went thcr or as have they would it not be muchbetter to have them all together diaper oncd at the best school If these board members are perturbed about the method the winning school chose to cele rightly contends that flat across lheboard increases unjustly dim inish these earned differentials so it is now trying to correct this glaring wrong But such study takes lime Increases for the armed serv ices are in the works and will be announced soon certainly be fore Chrisfrnas servicemen will benefit by the justice of the gov ernment decision But meanwhile no official an nnuneement has been made ex plaining the situation and serv In addition there are pension provisions His hours of work are such that he can often add to his earn lugs by moonlighting Here in Ottawa servicemen are reported to hold down parttima jobs in filling stations restaurants and motels while one has even been known to tender for bridge building contract The Canadian taxpayer is gen erous to his defender but the present goveulment is certainly reticent about blowing its own generous ioemeu feel they have been Viclt trumpet QUEENS PARK Standard Students Drivers Course By DON OHEABN TORONTO good comprom ise would seem to have been worked out on the school driving instruction question The departments of transport and education have evolved so lution with which they can both agree There is to be standard course throughout the province Any school boards and princi pals that want to adopt it can do so The education department will pay toward it the regular grants paid to night classes Transport will provide text hooks certain mechanical equip ment and licensing andsupervis ion of instructors oursrnr CLASSES The key to the compromise is at the course must be held out side regular school hours There have been some people in transport and in some local school boards who have felt driv ing courses shnuld be part of the regular curriculum rmron most hosts act and have celebra tions prepared in which all could participate am sick landlin ed of time officials who con sider people guilty until proven innocent British justice is the very opposite We have two large ccllegiates in Barrie which we as taxpay ers built and for which we are paying Baily Eadihas BJBIEB auditorium 15V seldom lopen to the young people after school hours or to the general public for that matter Since we are paying for them is it not reasonable that our children least should be able to use them know these teenagers My home has been full of themfor several years now They are fine intelligent group of young people for whom have great admiration and respect =The high school board is ap pointed uot elected So they have no one to answer to but themselves They are spending huge sums we have no recourse many pat enmare concerned about these conditions But what can we do with an app intellbonrd We do not even ave the least bit of say in who is appointed to the board Also it concerns me deeply that no home and School associa tion is permitted in school Why Yours truly unseen planet in the predicted brats wlwjrhd like MRS CHARLES NEW of our moneyand either Wiser heads here have never agreed to this Igow everybody should be sails fie Therale be classes available for those who want them and there is no question they can be of value share will be standard curEL culum devised by experts And yet there will not be any compulsion for those who feel they can better spend their time doing something else FIGHT TROUBLE Premier Frost has been having transportation trouble recently He had several flights knocked out due to bad weatherand found himself making some close and trying connections And then on top of it his chauf feur got into fight While he was waiting for the premier at Malton airport be tanlt gled with one of the geudarmes employed by the department of transport Mr Frost was not on hand which in its way was too bad For it is at least long long time since our peaceful premier has had to intervene in fisticuffs And it would have been interesb ing to see just whatapproach he would have taken He is anexpert at applying oil to troubled waters but one wou dcrs whether this would apply to good right hand heading for an opponents eye As folthe chauffeurAle willge quiet cheer from many To onionians who use Maiton Some of the police there are not diplomats to say the least SUSPENDS SENTENCES CAPE TOWN Reuters An appeal court Tuesday suspended the prison sentences of half of the 146 Negroes who wentto poA lice stations last March say ing they did notpossess oblige tory identity documents and de manded to be arrested The 140 originally were sentenced topay fine of £300 $040 and it be given three years in prison The appeal courtupheld the fines but suspended the prison terms BIBLE THQEGHT As many as bulk according to the Gospellpfiuce be on them Galaflana 516 There are ma panaceas for the worldsill preached today many ways to But there is sure way to peace the transforming power of God through Christ makings person over again mmhlnrunnuflraswrpcr